1. H ISTORY OF L ATIN A MERICA

2. C OLONIZING L ATIN A MERICA Lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898 Two motivations: 1. Trade 2. Spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions

3. Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties: 1. New Spain 2. New Granada 3. Peru 4. La Plata

4. S OCIAL H IERARCHY IN L ATIN A MERICA Penninsulares (men born in Spain) Creoles (Spaniards born in Latin America) Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry) Mulattos (mixed European & African ancestry) Indians (of little economic value) Africans (majority enslaved)

5. T HE E CONOMY IN C OLONIAL L ATIN A MERICA based on the ideas of “ Mercantilism ” Africans & American Indians used as slave labor Lands are used for natural resources

6. R OAD TO R EVOLUTION 1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas 2. Creole discontent 3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions. 4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars) 5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans

7. Enlightenment Thinkers

8. Creole Discontent

9. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Declaration of Independence, 1776 Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789

10. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

11. Latin American Revolutions

12. Toussaint L’Ouveture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

13. Haiti French colony Date of Independence : 1804 Independence Leaders : Toussiant-Louverture (former slave) Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general) Haitian Independence : 1791: slave revolt 1801: Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves) 1802: French troops arrive & agreement made to stop revolution 1804: Dessalines starts revolution again and declares independence

14. M EXICO Spanish colony Date of Independence: Independence Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo (priest/revolutionary leader) José María Morelos (priest/revolutionary leader) Agustín de Iturbide (Mexican general) Mexican Independence: 1810: Hidalgo leads Mexican mestizos & Indians in revolt 1811: Hidalgo captured & killed, Morelos assumes leadership 1815: Morelos killed 1820: Iturbide names himself emperor 1823: Mexico becomes a republic

15. The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

16. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence

17. Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1816 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) Argentiaian Independence : 1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government 1816= Martin declares independenceArgentina

18. Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1817 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer) Chile Independence : 1817= San Martin leads his army across the Andes into Chile 1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat the Spanish and declare independenceChile

19. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution  Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.  Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

20. Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1821/1822 Independence Leaders : Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan - Creole/military general) Gran Columbia Independence : 1811= Venezuela declares independence 1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish 1821= Bolivar wins independence 1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador, & Panama 1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation called Gran Columbia established Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama

21. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

22. Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1824 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar Peruvian Independence : 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish 1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe 1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama 1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of AyacuchoPeru

23. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

24. Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1825 Independence Leaders : Simon Bolivar Bolivian Independence : 1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish from Peru 1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar) Bolivia

25. Bolivar’s Failure  After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America  He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

26. Brazil Freed from Portugal  The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.  Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.  Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.