1. Latin American Independence
Inspired by Enlightenment,
American and French Revolutions

2. Latin American Colonies
Spanish held power in
Caribbean islands
Mexico
Central America
South America
Very rigid European control;
social classes determined by race
(see diagram in notebook, p. 83)

3. “First Upheavals” Tupac Amaru—a mestizo who led a rebellion in Peru
--unsuccessful; he was executed
In Colombia, criollos/creoles also rebelled against Spanish unsuccessfully; leaders were executed

4. Haiti (French Colony)
Vincent Ogé—wanted to apply Declaration of the Rights of Man to Haiti—tortured to death

5. Haiti Colony produced great wealth for France with sugar plantations
Toussaint L’Ouverture—former slave, led a SUCCESSFUL slave rebellion
Only successful slave rebellion ever
Haiti gained independence by 1804
L’Ouverture captured and died in prison

6. South America ( )
Simón Bólívar—inspired by American and French Revolutions to fight for independence from Spain
Fought and won independence for Gran Colombia (Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia)

7. (South America Cont’d)
● José de San Martín—led fight for independence for Argentina;
● To remain free, also pushed Spanish out of Chile and Peru with Bólívar’s help

8. Mexico
Unrest in Spain because of Napoleon’s wars in Europe gave Mexicans a “window of opportunity”
In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo (a priest)—organized revolt of Indians and Mestizos against Spanish rule
Revolt was unsuccessful and he was executed

9. Mexico (cont’d)
Padre José Morelos, also a priest, took control of revolt with a trained army.
He created a congress and wrote a declaration of rights.
He was captured and killed.

10. Creoles (who held power) and church officials feared losing their position/power/ property
In 1821, Agustín Iturbide took control and defeated Spanish
Mexico became independent with the Treaty of Cordova. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor.
At that time, Mexico included Central America.

11. Central America Formed the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Fell apart when Nicaragua tried to separate from the rest

12. Brazil (1822)
Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil to escape Napoleon’s armies
When they returned to Portugal, king intended for Brazil to return to colony status
Pedro I—son of Portuguese king—declared independence for Brazil
Bloodless revolution
Pedro I became Emperor of Brazil

13. Latin American independence was inspired by the Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions
Took about 25 years
Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish control