1. Independence in Latin America 1800–1830

2. A. Roots of Revolution
Wealthy colonial residents of Latin America were:
– frustrated by the political & economic power of
colonial officials
– angered by high taxes and imperial monopolies
Inspired by:
- Enlightenment
- American & French Revolutions

3. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Creoles: Native Spaniards
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World P C
Mulattos:
African +
European blood
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood M M
I & A
Indians and Africans
CAUSES

5. The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil under King John
Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal & Spain:
– dissenters (Creoles) in Venezuela,
Mexico, & Bolivia tried to overthrow Spanish
colonial officials
– 1810: new round of revolutions

6. Conditions of the encomienda system?

7. B. Spanish South America: 1810–1825
Creole-led revolutionary junta declared independence in Venezuela in 1811
Freed blacks & slaves rallied against creole landholders

8. C. Simón Bolívar
1. Simón Bolívar: the leader of the Venezuelan revolutionaries 2. Bolívar: – attracted slaves & freed blacks – commanded loyalty of his troops

9. Bolívar defeated the Spanish armies in 1824:
– tried to create single nation of “Gran Colombia”
– failed…
“America is ungovernable for us. He who serves a revolution plows the sea.”

10. Argentina Jose de San Martin: Creole who was Spanish officer.
1814: Joined rebels and joined Bernardo O’Higgins taking Argentina, Chile, and Peru and later joining Bolivar. -

11. D. Mexico: 1810–1823 Mexico was Spain’s richest & most populous colony
Horrible treatment of Amerindian population…
1810: priest Miguel Hidalgo called for uprising against Spanish authorities
Hidalgo executed…

12. MIGUEL HIDALGO
“My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover from the hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago?”

13. E. Colonel Agustín de Iturbide
1821: Agustín de Iturbide declared Mexico’s independence (w/ himself as emperor…)
1823: army overthrew Iturbide…Mexico a republic

15. F. Brazil to 1831
Invasion of Spain & Portugal by Napoleon: King John of Portugal ruled from Brazil until 1821
King John’s son (“Dom” Pedro) remained in Brazil & named himself king…
Liberal policies upset slave-holding landowners