1. Revolts in Latin America
Ch. 8 Sec. 3

2. Social and Ethnic Structures
Peninsulares: European born; highest social class
Creoles: European- descended Latin Americans; second class citizens
Mestizos/Mulattoes: Native American and Euro decent/ African American and Euro descent; lowest class

3. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Fought for: Freedom in Haiti
Fought Against: French (Slave owners)
Self-educated former slave; France, Spain, and Britain sent armies; took more lives than any other revolution in the Americas
1802: Napoleon sent troops/ agreed to truce
1803:Toussaint died in French prison
1804: Haiti declared independence
1820: Haiti became a republic

4. Fought for: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spain
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Fought for: Mexico’s Independence
Fought Against: Spain
Pastor of poor parish of Dolores; Sept. 15, 1810 rang church bells to summon people to rally; Gave “el Grito de Dolores” speech; Hidalgo was captured and executed and followers scattered

5. Fought For: Mexico’s Independence Fought Against: Spanish Rule
Father Jose Morelos
Fought For: Mexico’s Independence
Fought Against: Spanish Rule
Picked up the banner of revolution; mestizo who called for wide-ranging social and political reforms; led rebels for 4 years before captured and shot

6. Agustin de Iturbide
Fought For: Mexico’s Independence
Fought Against: Spain
1820 Spain issued new constitution, Iturbide feared Spain might impose liberal reforms as well; rallied creoles, mestizos and native Americans to overthrow the viceroy
Took title Emperor Augustine I, but monarchy would be overthrown and Republic of Mexico established

7. Iturbide Continued
Spanish-ruled colonies declared independence 1820s
Iturbide tried to add the areas to Mexican empire
After his overthrow, local leaders set up a republic- United Provinces of Central America
Soon fragmented and set up separate republics
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

8. Simon Bolivar
Fought For: Venezuela/South America
Fought Against: Spain
Napoleon’s occupation of Spain gave rebels the signal to act; Bolivar’s new republic was quickly toppled and caused civil war in Venezuela; twice Bolivar was sent to Haiti in exile; He marched his troops across Andes and attacked Spanish at Bogota (present-day Columbia)- surprised Spanish in 1819

9. By 1821 Bolivar freed Caracas, Venezuela
Bolivar continued
By 1821 Bolivar freed Caracas, Venezuela
Became known as “The Liberator”
Moved south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia where he joined forces with Jose de San Martin

10. Fought For: Argentina, Chile, Peru Fought Against: Spain
Jose de San Martin
Fought For: Argentina, Chile, Peru
Fought Against: Spain
Militarily trained in Europe, helped Argentina win freedom from Spain; then moved his army to help Chile also win freedom from Spain; 1822 he gave his troops over to Bolivar to combine forces

11. Freedom Leads to Power Struggle
Wars of independence ended by 1824
Bolivar tried to unify liberated lands into one- Gran Colombia
Bitter rivalries made it impossible
Gran Colombia split into: Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Led to destructive civil war
“We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else”

12. Dom Pedro Fought For: Brazil Fought Against: Portugal
When Napoleon’s armies conquered Portugal, Portuguese family fled to Brazil; King of Portugal left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil; Fought for independence and became Emperor of Brazil- accepted reforms and a new constitution
Remained a monarch until 1889 when turmoil led to a republic