1. NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America?
Mexico
Spanish South America

2. Latin American Class System
The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal
Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America, rights depended where you were in this system
Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs
Peninsulares (1%)
Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs
Creoles (22%)
Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army
Mestizos (15%)
Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs
Mulattos (7%)
Slaves (5%)
African, labor jobs
Indigenous People, few jobs available
Indians (50%)

3. SAINT DOMINGUE (Haiti)
1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean
100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue
Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
French send troops to retake the island
Toussaint stops the revolution after slavery is abolished on Saint Domingue
After slavery is restored, the French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps
More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines
1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas

4. SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA
Due to Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing their grip on Lat. Am colonies
1811: Influenced by Am. Rev a Creole General named Simón Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela
Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain
1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru
1816: Creole General José de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio de la Plata (Argentina/Paraguay/Uruguay)
Simón Bolívar
1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile
José de San Martín

5. 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile
In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies
1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile
1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays
1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru
12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru
Bernardo O’Higgins
After victory, political in-fighting begins between S. American leaders – no unity
Cap-Gen of Chile

6. NEW SPAIN (Mexico/Central America)
1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain
Sept 16: to symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church
Speech is El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores
Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join
1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army
Miguel Hidalgo
Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities
Padre José Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

7. Agustin Iturbide Dom Pedro I
1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges
Creoles unite w/ Mestizos and Indians, General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence
1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America
1823: Central American leaders win independence when Emp. Iturbide is overthrown
Agustin Iturbide
BRAZIL
1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil when Napoleon invades
King João gives Brazil co-kingdom status
1821: João returns to Portugal leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil
1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status
Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil independence, his son Dom Pedro is Emperor
Dom Pedro I