Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/jfa0663l.jpg; http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm (fish have omega-3-fatty acids which are good, unsaturated f.a.) What does Organic Mean? Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

What’s so special about Carbon?? 6 C Carbon 12.011 Atomic Number # of protons (and also # of electrons) Name of Element Chemical symbol Atomic Mass The weight Of carbon atom or average weight of all isotopes How many electrons does carbon have in its outermost shell? What’s so special about Carbon?? Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem “Elements of Life” Organic = carbon-based molecules Examples: C6H12O6, CH4 Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2 Organic is no longer synonymous with life, but it had been in the past. Really it’s just C-C or C-H bonding. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Why Carbon? Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds Leads to many different molecules Can form large chains or rings Linking of carbons can form very large molecules called Macromolecules Each individual unit is called a monomer. When they are linked together they are called a polymer. 4 macromolecules necessary for life: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids Could life be silicon based? Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Polymerization = Synthesis of organic molecules = Small subunits (MONOMERS) bond together to form larger units (POLYMERS) Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Chemical Reactions  Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product Always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds REARRANGING! Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Types of Reactions Hydrolysis Break apart monomers Happens by the addition of water. An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the other monomer. Dehydration Synthesis (or Condensation) Join monomers One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OH- Water is removed Covalent bond is formed Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Hydrolysis Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Dehydration Synthesis Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Energy in reactions Bonds are the storage place of energy in molecules / compounds Break a bond  RELEASE energy Make a bond  REQUIRES energy KNOW THIS!!! FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SCIENCE Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Energy in Reactions EXERGONIC (E exiting) Chemical reactions that release energy Often spontaneous (occur on their own) But often need a “push” to get started ENDERGONIC (E needing) Chemical reactions that absorb energy Need energy input to occur ACTIVATION ENERGY  the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.  The “push” Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS CATABOLISM HYDROLYSIS EXOTHERMIC RELEASE ENERGY BREAK BONDS CELL RESPIRATION Big Molecules Small Molecules METABOLISM ANABOLISM DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS ENDOTHERMIC STORE ENERGY MAKE BONDS REDUCTION Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Condensation Reaction Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

So why do polymers (macromolecules) matter to life? Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem MONOMERS POLYMERS Simple or Single Sugars Carbohydrates or Complex Sugars Amino Acids Proteins Fatty Acids and Glycerol Fats or Lipids Nucleotide Nucleic Acids: RNA or DNA Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Carbohydrates Fxn: Primary source of Energy Structure: Made of C, H, and O Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11 n = the # of C’s in the molecule Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

GLUCOSE: key to life Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. This is what our bodies break down when we eat to obtain energy! Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide = Monomer Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose 6-C sugar molecule = “hexose” Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose Maltose = glucose + glucose Polysaccharide = Polymer Longterm energy storage Plants = starch, cellulose Animals = glycogen Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

ISOMERS Same molecular formula different structural formula Glucose Fructose Galactose What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences? Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem POLYSACCHARIDES Structural Materials & Energy Storage 1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable) 2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!) 3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin 4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin 5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan 6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles) Insulin Glycogen Glucose Glucagon Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

LIPIDS  Fats, Oils, Waxes Fxn: Long-term energy storage & cell membrane structure Structure: Made of C, H, O No definite ratios but very high amount of H’s Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol, hormones and vitamins http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/047cis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1030.htm&h=384&w=480&sz=4&hl=en&start=16&sig2=iTOTdOScg_9HzRLRTEC0_A&usg=__MStVL6AQwkxGHdTE8ZWgF40rP8U=&tbnid=dK4DqAitQdE_eM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=129&ei=MHbuSMWKO6DMef_rlK4H&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrans%2Bfat%2Bmolecule%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX is a good website for lipids Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Lipid Properties MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids POLYMER: Lipid Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids (saturated vs. unsaturated) GLYCEROL Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Saturated vs. Unsaturated All single bonds connect C Solid at room temp Ex: butter, lard “Straight, stackable” Contain double bonds Liquid at room temp Ex: olive oil, corn oil Typically plant-based Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem What are trans-fats? “Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in biological systems When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule Trans fat is bad b/c it is not recognized by our body’s enzymes http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%2520acid.jpg&imgrefurl=http://joepastry.web.aplus.net/index.php%3Fs%3Dunsaturated&h=259&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=17&sig2=57nhLYsQoS0-u38engV3DA&usg=__muULjyKsOaEBzOyUdhwHbPUthJQ=&tbnid=G0jewW-bJPqP6M:&tbnh=80&tbnw=124&ei=MHbuSMWKO6DMef_rlK4H&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrans%2Bfat%2Bmolecule%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX very clever, simple explanation of saturation in fatty acids Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Component of cell membrane Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group Amphipathic Polar head: hydrophilic Phosphate group attached to glycerol Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic Two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Required to build and maintain cell membranes Regulates membrane fluidity May act as an antioxidant Aids in the manufacture of bile Important for the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) Synthesis in hormones: cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones HDL good, LDL bad Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Proteins Structure: contain N, C, H, O Have an amino group (-NH2) Have a carboxyl group (-COOH) Have an “R” group (“other”) there are 20 different R groups Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

The “R” group is in a white box Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Proteins MONOMER: amino acid POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein 2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond 4 levels of protein structure Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Proteins Functions: Control cellular reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Structure (tissues, bones, muscles) Transport Help fight disease Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Protein Structure Primary structure Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain Secondary structure Chain folds or twists into specific configuration Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats) Tertiary Structure More complex folding: globular or spherical Usually b/c of hydrophobicity Quaternary Structure Multiple structures folded together Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem http://www.science.org.au/sats2004/images/mackay2.jpg Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Causes of Denaturation (changing shape) What can cause a change in protein conformation/shape Temperature: Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to be disrupted. 2. pH Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure. Salt Concentration Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions 4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve) Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem Nucleic Acids Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P MONOMER: Nucleotide Nucleotide made of three parts: 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine) POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

Nucleotide Organization Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem