LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA.

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Presentation transcript:

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric- mantle collision- zone inter- actions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

ITALY AND THE REGIONAL TECTONIC PLATES

LITHOSPHERIC-MANTLE INTER- ACTIONS : AFRICA---EURASIA PLATES

VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland).

Of the 14 volcanoes in Italy, the four best known are: Etna (the largest active volcano in Europe), Vulcano, Stromboli, and Vesuvius (the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe).

A DISASTER is the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., volcanic eruptions,,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen

THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

ITALY’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS VOLCANO HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) LAVA FLOWS LAHARS EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER”

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVAC- UATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LOCATION: ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES

LAST ERUPTIONS OF ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES VULCANO: 1890 VESUVIUS:1944 ETNA: 2012 STROMBOLI: 2013 CONTINUING

ITALY’S VULCANO:

ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944

Naples is at risk

ITALY’S ETNA:

ITALY’S STROMBOLI:

THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION UN---ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST

ITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE BUT, VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!