1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 4: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILE FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES WILDFIRES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

3. Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes sub- duction, which causes VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

4. VOLCANOES PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” CHILE HAS ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF THE NAZCA PLATE BENEATH THE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE

5. SOME OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE IN CHILE

6. CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES

7. CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: CONEPCION)

8. NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN CHILE JUNE 4, 2011

9. PUYHUE CORDON CAULLE

10. PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE The 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption began in the PUYHUE-CORDON CAULLE volcanic complex on June 4, 2011.

11. PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE Cordón Caulle is a volcanic fissure that has erupted many times in recorded history, notably in 1960, a few days after the world’s largest earthquake (the M9.5 Valdiva earthquake) occurred. The Puyehue stratocone, however, has remained dormant

12. AN ALL OUT EFFORT TO PREDICT THE JUNE 4 ERUPTION

13. WORK OF OBDAS The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (OBDAS) of Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria de Chile (SERNAGEOMIN) reported on 27 April 2011, 15:30 local time, an increase in seismicity at the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle and set the alert Level to 3, (“Yellow”)

14. WORK OF OBDAS Between 20:00 on June 2 and 19:59 on June 3, OVDAS reported ] that about 1,450 earthquakes at Puyehue-Cordón Caulle were detected (an average of about 60 earthquakes per hour). ]

15. WORK OF OBDAS Scientists and regional authorities flew over the volcano, noting no significant changes, so the alert level remained at 3, yellow.

16. WORK OF OBDAS On June 4, at 11:30 local time, a new eruption in the Puyehue volcano began; For a six-hour period on June 4, seismic activity increased to an average of 230 earthquakes per hour, at depths of 1–4 km. The alert level was raised to 5, (“red”).

17. EVACUATION At least 3,500 people were evacuated from nearby areas; albeit with some reluctance and resistance.

18. IMPACTS The ash cloud was blown across cities all around the Southern hemisphere, including Bariloche, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, stamley, Porto Alegre, Cape Town, Hobart, Perth, Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne, Wellington, and Auckland, forcing airlines to cancel hundreds of international and domestic flights.

19. IMPACTS An estimated one hundred million tons of ash, sand and pumice were ejected. By 18 June the ash cloud had completed one trip around the globe.

20. IMPACTS 18 days after it first erupted, lava began flowing from the volcanic fissure, heading west and flowing slowly along a channel about 50 meters wide and 30 m long

21. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The eruption significantly affected the surrounding environment. The temperature of the Nilahue River rose to 45 °C (113 °F), killing an estimated 4.5 million fish and devastating the fish farming industry/ The cattle economy in the area was also devastated.

22. SAME VOLCANO; ANOTHER ERUPTION: FEBRUARY 2012

23. NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN CHILE MAY 3, 2008

24. AFTER 10,000 YEAR DORMANCY, CHAITEN ERUPTS IN CHILE: MAY 3, 2008

25. AUTHORITIES DISTRIBUTE 10,000 MASKS IN CHAITEN

26. THOUSANDS EVACUATED

27. CHAITEN EVACUEES

28. CHAITEN’S ASH CLOUD IMPACTS ESQUEL, ARGENTINA

29. ESQUEL, ARGENTINA

31. ELEMENTS OF HAZARDS AND RISK

32. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

33. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft) ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS

34. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS LAVA FLOWS LAHARS (can bury villages) EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)

35. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

36. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

37. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

38. THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

39. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES, 2) BE PREPARED 3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE 5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

40. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

41. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

42. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

43. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

44. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

45. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

46. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

47. THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN VOLCANO DISASTER IS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

48. CHILE’SCOMMUNITIESCHILE’SCOMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS VOLCANO HAZARDS PEOPLE & BLDGS. VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

49. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.

50. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES, 2) BE PREPARED 3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE 5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

51. TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING, FORECASTING, AND WARNING ARE VITAL FOR SURVIVAL.

52. AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL.