Linde Gas Hydrogen Production Conventional and Renewable EU-Sustainable Energy Week Brussels, , A. Stubinitzky

Linde Gas 2 —Ammoniac (NH3) production (~ 50% of worldwide demand) —Oil Industry (~ 45% of worldwide demand) —Semi-conductor production —Glass Industry (Shielding gas) —„Hydrogenation“ of fats and oils —Methanol production —Production of HCL —Plastics Recycling —Rocket fuel —Welding, cutting New application: Fuel Cells and H2 internal combustion engines Hydrogen Market

Linde Gas 3 Fossil Energy (Natural Gas) Compression/ Liquefaction DistributionFilling Station H2 - ICE Fuel Cell Renewable Energy Linde Competence New Market The Entire Hydrogen Value Chain Automotive H2 Production

Linde Gas 4 Source: ECOFYS 2004 & DWV Hydrogen Production Today: Hydrogen as Industrial Gas - from Fossil Feedstocks 99% from fossil feedstocks thereof ~ 70% from natural gas

Linde Gas 5 CH H 2 O  4 H 2 + CO 2 Conventional Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming

Linde Gas 6 Renewable Hydrogen Production Options H 2 as Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Systems 99% aus fossilen Quellen Very high potential - still high electricity acquisition costs (PV) or high distances from “H2 demand centres” (SOT) Very high potential – due to a fluctuating availability, combined energy storage & H2 production seems promising Potential has been made available – geographically limited – able to provide base load High potential - in particular the use of biogenous residues seems very promising Technology is not yet commercially available - very high potential - able to provide base load The use of bio feedstocks – in particular bio-residues – offers an economical viable option for renewable H2 production in the short- to mid-term RENEWABLE ENERGY

Linde Gas 7 BioHydrogen Lignocellulosic Biomass (Straw, wood, …) Steam Methane Reforming Anaerobic exposure Biomethane from Biogas Biogenous residues (e.g. organic industrial waste) Pyrolysis, Gasification/ Reforming, … E.g. Organic Residues, Energy Crops, … Gasification (Synthesis Gas & CO- Shift) BioHydrogen Possible Pathways Feedstock Technology Intermediat e Product

Linde Gas 8 Process Scheme Steam Methane Reforming

Linde Gas 9 6 CO H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O O 2 Photosynthesis Solar Energy Biomass = Stored Solar Energy Biomass Formation Photosynthesis

Linde Gas 10 Source: World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, 2005 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): „…Potential of Biomass: 15% of the world‘s energy by 2050…“ Mtoe =11.630GWh = 4,1868·10 4 TJ (Mtoe = metric tons equivalent of oil) Coal Biomass Commercia l Biomass 2008 Worldwide Biomass Potential (IEA Scenario)

Linde Gas 11 Sustainable Hydrogen Production Classification of Potential – Net Cruising Range Source: Own Calculations; Concawe/EUCAR Well to WheelStudy 2007;

Linde Gas 12 Climate Neutral Hydrogen A First Step

Linde Gas 13 Mobile Filling Station “TraiLH2 TM “

Linde Gas Stationary/Public Filling Station CEP Berlin

Linde Gas Thank you for your attention EU-Sustainable Energy Week Brussels, , A. Stubinitzky