1. Renewable Energy

2. World energy supply

3. Current situation Ketersediaan energi fosil terbatas
Emisi CO2 yang meningkat
Biaya produksi yang semakin tinggi
butuh sumber energi baru yang
dapat diperbarui

4. Renewable energy should be
Abundant (ketersediaannya di alam melimpah)
Sustainable (keberlangsungannya terjamin)
Enviromental friendly
Non-toxic
And has good economical feasibility

5. Renewable energy sources

6. Renewable energy sources
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Hydropower
Biomass
Biofuels and waste

7. Renewable energy in the past
Before industrialisation renewable energy had been the only source of energy available:
Firewood to provide heat;
Biomass for food, for horses and other animals for hauling transportation vehicles;
Wind for propulsion of sailing boats;
Wind and water power to run mills.

8. The past <1860: wood primary fuel
1890: coal displaced most of the wood
in steam generation
1900: ethanol was competing with
gasoline for cars (Ford T)!
1930: coal primary energy source
1940: the era of oil and gas starts

9. The onset of industrialisation about 300 to 200 years ago caused an extraordinarily fast rise of the demand on energy and a severe shortage of firewood in many countries. Fossil fuels soon became the dominant source of primary energy. The abundant and steady availability of fossil fuels and especially their low cost satisfied the newly arising additional demand on energy to provide any required fast rising amount of - heat, - electric power and - fuels for propulsion in the transportation sector.

10. At present, renewable energy can be used to provide only a rather limited amount of secondary energy, as shown in Table 1. A more extended use of renewable energy at present is mainly handicapped by
restricted availability (e.g. hydro power, biomass),
strongly fluctuating and intermittent availability of hydro river and wind power and of sunlight,
comparatively high investment cost and cost of energy provided (e.g. sunlight, geothermal energy).

11. Table 1. Use of renewable energy as secondary energy
via
% global demand
Electric energy
hydropower 18
Wind power
0.3
Biomass 1
Geothermal
Sunlight
0.02
Biofuels
Ethanol
Transportation sector
Biodiesel
Heat (mainly for cooking in developing countries)
Burning non commercial biomass (mostly firewood)
about 7% of the total global demand on primary energy

12. Transportation fuels

13. Table 2. Annual Potential of Renewable Energy in units of exajoule, EJ

14. Table 3. Annual worldwide demand on energy in units of EJ

17. The future: growing energy consumption
Increase due to
Population growth
Higher welfare levels
The highest annual growth of energy consumption is predicted for Asia (3.7%), NON-OECD countries (3%) and Central and South America (2.8%). The lowest annual growth of energy consumption is predicted for Europe with 1%.

18. Biomass

19. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass as a resource for making energy, it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass .

20. Biomass is any living plant matter Biomass energy is energy made from something that is or once was plant matter

21. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

22. Nature is producing vast amounts of biomass driven by sunlight via photosynthesis
nCO + H2O (CH2O)n + nO2

23. Biomass resources can be categorised in many ways, a possible distinction involving:
i) agricultural residues
ii) forestry products and
iii) energy crops
The annual global biomass production is estimated at 1.70 x 109 ton

24. Lignocellulosic biomass consists mainly of carbohydrates and lignin, with variable amounts of proteins, oils, minerals and other minor components.
The carbohydrates are generally present in the form of biopolymers like, cellulose, hemicellulose and starch.

25. Types of
Biomass

26. Biomass is the oldest source of energy

27. Potential of biomass
Only sustainable source for carbon based transportation fuels and chemicals
For electricity and heat:
Alternatives available (solar, wind, geothermal) biomass may play a role
For transportation fuels
Biomass expected to be important in the mix

28. As a fire burns down, it gets hotter

29. Heat can be used to cook, boil water

30. We can use fire to make steam, and make steam do work for us

31. Turning Biomass into Electricity
Boiler
Biomass
High Heat
Steam
Steam spins the turbine blades
Rotating magnets create electricity

32. Biomass potential and use distribution between regions, 1000 PJ/year

34. Biomass to biobased chemicals

35. Methods of Biomass to Energy Conversion
Direct combustion
Pyrolysis: thermal decomposition into gas or liquid
Involves high temperatures ( °C), low oxygen
Biochemical processes:
Anaerobic digestion by methanogens
Controlled fermentation produces alcohols:
Ethanol (grain alcohol)
Methanol (wood alcohol)

36. Biomass to Fuel Conversions
Results:
Alcohol (Ethanol)
Biogas (Methane)
Syngas
Gasoline (Biocrude)
Diesel Fuel (Plant Oil)