1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS

2. Alternative Fuels Non-conventional or advanced fuels Are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels – petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium

3. Common Alternative Fuels Biodiesel Electricity Ethanol Hydrogen Natural Gas Propane

4. Biodiesel Renewable Biodegradable Manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, and/or recycled grease Used to fuel compression-ignition engines Production process, called transesterification Reduces greenhouse gas emissions 285 fueling stations nationwide

5. Electricity Can be produced from a variety of sources Oil, coal, nuclear energy, hydropower, natural gas, wind energy, solar energy, and stored hydrogen Plug-in vehicles draw electricity from off-board electrical power sources (generally the electricity grid) and storing it in batteries Batteries may last 12 to 15 years in moderate climates Produce no tailpipe emissions Can exceed 100 mpge (miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent) and can drive 100 miles consuming only 25-40 kWh 9,313 electric stations nationwide

6. Ethanol (H2) Renewable fuel made from various plant materials Most commonly made from corn, less common from grasses and wood 95% of gasoline in the U.S. contains ethanol Typically E10 High-level ethanol blends are also available, E85 Per gallon, ethanol contains about 30% less energy than gasoline Ethanol plants are concentrated in the Midwest Which means, so are the fueling stations 2,596 total fueling stations nationwide Lower emissions

7. Hydrogen In its market infancy as a transportation fuel Currently, steam reforming, or combining high- temperature steam with natural gas, accounts for the majority of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. Zero-emission vehicles The energy in 1 kilogram of hydrogen gas contains about the same as the energy in 1 gallon of gasoline Storage capacity for hydrogen in light-duty vehicles should enable a driving range of more than 300 miles Only 13 total fueling stations nationwide

8. Natural Gas Odorless, nontoxic, gaseous mix of hydrocarbons – predominately methane Accounts for about a 25% of the energy used in the U.S. but only 0.1% of that goes to transportation fuel 80-90% domestically produced Drawn from wells or extracted in conjunction with crude oil production Two types used in cars… Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Lower levels of some emissions 817 total CNG fueling stations nationwide 70 total LNG fueling stations nationwide

9. Propane (C3H8) Also known as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Clean-burning, high-energy fuel, relatively low-cost Accounts for about 2% of the energy used in U.S. Third most common transportation fuel Lower fuel economy; however, the price per gallon can quickly offset the lower fuel economy 2,818 fueling stations nationwide