Depictives in Hungarian A class of non-finite constructions Casper de Groot ACLC - Universiteit van Amsterdam

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Non-finite predications  Infinitives, participles, converbs, gerunds etc.  I heard Peter playing the piano.  Mary walked away laughing.  Charles went to the market to buy cheese.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Secondary predications Obligatory  They consider John a fool.John = a fool * They consider John. * They consider a fool. Optional - Depictives  Mary ate the fish raw.fish = raw Mary ate the fish.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives  Mary ate the fish raw.  Schultze-Berndt & Himmelmann (2004) and Himmelmann & Schultze-Berndt eds. (2005) establish a better understanding of formal and semantic properties of depictives by describing various examples from languages of the world while comparing them with (different classes of) adverbials, i.e. other types of participant- oriented adjuncts.  Depictives are participant-oriented adjuncts which are part of the focus domain of a sentence, i.e. which function as focus exponents. Such adjuncts encode a state which contributes a significant characteristic to the main event – for example, leaving drunk or leaving outraged is different from simply leaving.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives Mary ate the fish raw. Depictive secondary predications meet the following requirements:  There are two separate predicative elements.  The depictive is obligatory controlled. The controller is not expressed separately as an argument of the depictive.  The depictive does not form a complex or periphrastic predicate with the main predicate.  The depictive is not an argument of the main verb.  The depictive is not a modifier of the controller.  The depictive is part of the same prosodic unit as the main predicate.  The depictive is non-finite.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives in Hungarian Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban.(noun) Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in “Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.” Péter berúg-va ment haza.(converb) Peter get.drunk-CONV went home “Peter went home drunk’.” Kett-en mentünk haza.(numeral) two-ADV we.went home “The two of us went home.” Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat.(adjective) Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish “Mary ate the fish raw.”

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Pál tanár Paul teacher ‘Paul is a teacher.’ zero marking

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Pál tanár Paul teacher ‘Paul is a teacher.’ zero marking prep or suffix Mint tanár dolgozik. Tanár-ként dolgozik. ‘He works as a teacher.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Pál be van rúg-va Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv ‘Paul is drunk.’ copula

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Pál be van rúg-va Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv ‘Paul is drunk.’ copulano copula Berúg-va elment. drunk-Conv he.left ‘He left drunk.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking A hal nyers. the fish raw ‘The fish is raw.’ zero marking

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking A hal nyers. the fish raw ‘The fish is raw.’ zero marking suffixNyers-en ette a halat. raw-sx he.ate the fish ‘He ate the fish raw.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Egy meg egy az kettö. one plus one that two ‘One plus one is two.’ zero marking

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Egy meg egy az kettö. one plus one that two ‘One plus one is two.’ zero marking suffixKett-en mentek el. Two-sx they.left Asp ‘They left the two of them.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Finite versus non-finite marking Pál tanár Paul teacher ‘Paul is a teacher.’ zero marking prep or suffix Mint tanár dolgozik. Tanár-ként dolgozik. ‘He works as a teacher.’ Pál be van rúg-va Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv ‘Paul is drunk.’ copulano copula Berúg-va elment. drunk-Conv he.left ‘He left drunk.’ A hal nyers. the fish raw ‘The fish is raw.’ zero marking suffixNyers-en ette a halat. raw-sx.he ate the fish ‘He ate the fish raw.’ Egy meg egy az kettö. one plus one that two ‘One plus one is two.’ zero marking suffixKett-en mentek el. Two-sx they.left Asp ‘They left the two of them.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictive - Noun Pál mint idegenvezetö dolgozik Görögországban.(mint) Paul as tour operator works Greece.in “Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.” Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban.(-ként) Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in “Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.” mint = Paul is a tour operator by profession -ként = Paul is working as if he is a tour operator

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictive - Noun ? Madonna mint férfi jelent meg a színpadon.(mint) Madonna as man appeared Asp the stage.on ‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’ Madonna férfi-ként jelent meg a színpadon.(-ként) Madonna man-ESS appeared Asp the stage.on ‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’ mint = Madonna is a man -ként = Madonna dressed as a man

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictive - converb Péter be van rúg-va. (non-verbal predicate) Peter ASP COP drunk-CONV ‘Peter is drunk.’ Péter berúg-va ment haza.(depictive) Peter get.drunk-CONV went home ‘Peter went home drunk.’ Károly rohan-va jön a kertböl.(manner) Charles run-CONV come the garden-from ‘Charles comes running from the garden.’ A pohar-at felemel-ve elmondta a köszöntö-t.(circumstance) the glass raise-CONV he.said the toast ‘He proposed a toast while raising his glass.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictive - Numeral Kett-en mentünk haza.(depictive) Two-sx we.went home ‘The two of us went home.’ Compare: Anna szép-en énekel.(manner) Anna beautiful-sx sing ‘Anna sings beautifully.‘

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictive - Adjective Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat. (depictive) Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish “Mary ate the fish raw.” Anna szép-en énekel.(manner) Anna beautiful-sx sing ‘Anna sings beautifully.‘ János mérges-en írta a levelet.(ambiguous) John angry-sx went away ‘John left angry / angrily

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner Noun Converb Numeral Adjective

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner NounThe form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties Converb Numeral Adjective

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner Noun ConverbDepictive converbs are in complementary distribution with manner and circumstance Numeral Adjective

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner Noun Converb NumeralThe numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix Adjective

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner Noun Converb Numeral AdjectiveThe adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Depictives versus Manner DepictiveManner NounThe form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties ConverbDepictive converbs are in complementary contribution with manner and circumstance NumeralThe numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix AdjectiveThe adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish “essive” or depictive marker

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish -ként“essive” or depictive marker -na/-nä

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Essive in Hungarian and Finnish Hungarian Béla orvos-ként dolgozik Párizsban. Béla doctor-ESS works Paris.in ‘Béla is working as a doctor in Paris.’ Finnish Heikki on Jämsässä lääkäri-na Heikki is Jämsä-in doctor-ESS ‘Heikki is (working as) a doctor in Jämsä.'

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish converb

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Converb and case in Hungarian and Finnish Hungarian: Depicitves, Manner, and Circumstance The converb in -va/-ve does not allow any suffix Finnish: Manner, Circumstance, Purpose Infinitive-a + translative -kse + Possessive(purpose) Infinitive-mA + abessive -ttä Infinitive-e + instructive-n (manner, circ.) Coordination of Essive with Converb-Instructive is possible.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish No caseconverbversatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish converb as a predicative with the copula

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish berúgva van ïs drunk’ converb as a predicative with the copula infinitive-mA+abessive Pyykki on pese-mättä ‘The laundry is unwashed.’

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish depictive and manner

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish Partial overlap depictive and manner● infinitive-e+instructive ● No ambiguity with Adj

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Ambiguity between Depictive and Manner with an Adjective Hungarian János mérges-en írta a levelet.(ambiguous) John angry-sx went away ‘John left angry / angrily Finnish Pekka lähti iloise-na luennolle.(unambiguous) Pekka went cheerful-ESS lecture.ALL 'Pekka went cheerfully to the lecture.'

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Hungarian versus Finnish HungarianFinnish -ként“essive” or depictive marker -na/-nä No caseconverbversatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive berúgva van ïs drunk’ converb as a predicative with the copula infinitive-mA+abessive Pyykki on pese-mättä ‘The laundry is unwashed.’ Partial overlap depictive and manner● infinitive-e+instructive ● No ambiguity with Adj

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Essive in Finno-Ugric UgricHungarian Ob-UgricKhanty, Mansi Finnic PermicUdmurt, Komi VolgaicMari, Mordvin North FinnicEstonian, Finnish, Livonian, Saami, Vepsian, Votic

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Case or Marker  Hungarian -ként does not mark arguments of predicates  Hungarian -nak/-nek is the Dative case, it is also used to mark obligatory secondary predicates  Essive and alike are ‘predicative case makers’  Essive and alike are predicative markers  Morphological aspects:  Agglutinative languages have phrase makers  Infinitve and converb are not verbal.

ACLC - November 25, 2009 Conclusions  Depictive as a category of non-finite expressions  Depictive versus Manner  Hungarian as an example for typological research  Essive in the Finno-Ugrian languages  Depictive marker: case or predicative marker