Independence Movements & Decolonization Ch. 33-ish

Patterns: World War I – Anti-Colonial Movements Begin  WWI weakened European colonizers –Shattered perceptions of greatness –Failed promises of self-determination  While WWI strengthened colonies –Expanded administrative & industrial opportunities –Solidified public support

Patterns: World War II – Nationalism Accelerates  WWII sapped resources & will of Europe to maintain colonies  U.S. & USSR condemned colonialism

Patterns: Independence  Mass support based on promises of better life  Masses rarely benefitted from independence

India Growing Nationalism  Earlier colonization = earlier nationalism  INC with modest goals & support initially  Increasingly resented hardships  Amritsar Massacre 1 of 2

Growing Nationalism  Gandhi broadened nationalist movement –Civil disobedience –Inclusive  Opposing Views –Muslim League 2 of 2

Winning Independence  WWII yields negotiations  Partition –Secular (Hindu-dominated) India –Muslim Pakistan –Ethnic violence 1 of 2

Winning Independence  India –Democratic –Growing middle-class –Problems of social classes & diversity remain  Pakistan –Endemic economic & political instability –East Pakistan secedes → Bangladesh 2 of 2

Ghana (Tropical Africa) Growing Nationalism  WWI caused shortages & exploitation in Africa sparking nationalist groups –Led by western-educated elites  WWII deepened resentment & hardships while adding industry

Winning Independence  WWII → civil disobedience & gradual transfer of power to nationalists –Nkrumah  Nkrumah’s Ghana –Ambitious gov’t development schemes –Problems yield authoritarianism

Algeria (Settler Africa) Growing Nationalism  European “superiority” shattered  Economic desperation & tension w/ white settlers → violent independence

Winning Independence  British Kenya  French Algeria –Guerilla war –1 million French cling, then flee

Vietnam Growing Nationalism  Harsh French colonization  WWI sparks movements: –VNQDD  Destroyed by French repression –Communists  Ho Chi Minh

Winning Independence  WWII → f ree communist North Vietnam  French re-colonization & Cold War tensions spark war –North Vietnam, Viet Minh, Viet Cong vs. –South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, U.S.  Communist unification –Recent Chinese-style development

South Africa  Long settler history & ethnic divisions led to tight gov’t control by whites  Afrikaner Nationalists used white supremacy to pass apartheid –System of racial segregation  Homelands 1 of 2

South Africa  Rich, repressive S. Af vs. black nationalism –African National Congress & Mandela  1980s: internal & international pressure  1994: Apartheid ends –President Mandela 2 of 2

Latin America  Neo-Colonialism

Mexican Revolution  : Diaz’s repressive dictatorship –Export based growth → tension  : Civil War & Revolution –Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant- based reforms: land reform  Obregon & Constitution of 1917 –Secular, social justice  : PRI –One-party rule –Redistribution of land

Interwar Years  Liberal democracy & free-trade questioned –Nationalism from economic dependence  Students, Depression necessitate change –Authoritarianism echoes European Fascism  Heavy U.S. involvement

Cold War – Communism 1950s & 1960s:  Governments swing toward communism –Cold War brings foreign involvement –Guatemala & United Fruit  Cuba –U.S. influence & Batista → Communism & Castro –Castro’s communist Cuba:  Failed economy; Successful social programs –Che Guevara

Cold War – U.S. 1960s & 1970s:  Conservatives & U.S. counter communism w/ military rule –Stability w/o economic or political progress 1980s-today:  Democracy spreads but communist sympathies remain