1. European Retreat from Empire

2. After WWI, what changes did African and Asian countries demand?
Sought self-determination and independence from Western imperialists
After WWI, European nations returned to the pattern of imperialism with Africa and Asia
After WWII, Europe’s Asian and African colonies again sought independence.
This time they were SUCCESSFUL!

3. Spread the word of the Gospel Cheap raw material
Positive Effects of Colonization on European Power
Positive Effects of Colonization on Indigenous People
Profit
Capital exploitation
Adventure
Larger living space
Spread the word of the Gospel
Cheap raw material
Availability of market for produced goods
Better transportation
Better medical care
Western education
Convert to Christianity
Steady employment

4. Gov’t costs of maintaining empire Deployment of military
Negative Effects of Colonization on European Power
Negative Effects of Colonization on Indigenous People
Threat of rebellion
Being a minority
Gov’t costs of maintaining empire
Deployment of military
Training indigenous people
Poor working conditions
Death and disease
Breaking of traditions and relationships of ethnic groups
Breakup of villages

5. What would be the underlying forces behind indigenous people wanting to gain independence?
Freedom from mistreatment
Self-rule
Humane conditions for living and working
Return to traditional customs

6. African Independence Movements
In 1945, only four independent nations in Africa
Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa
By 1959, Morocco, Libya, Sudan, Ghana, and Guinea gained independence
By the end of the 1960s most African nations gained independence from their colonial rulers—Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal

8. France and Algeria
voting structure had given the French more power than the native Muslim people of Algeria
violent clashes between the Muslims and the French directly after World War II spur on even more Algerian nationalism
civil war breaks out in 1954 between Algerian nationalists led by the National Liberation Front and the French – the war divides French opinion and does not end till 1962
under General Charles de Gaulle, France eventually grants Algeria independence in 1962
many Muslims who supported France either flee Algeria for France or are massacred

9. The British Retreat from Colonial Empires in Africa and Asia
the British noticing the costs of maintaining an empire and wanting to avoid conflict start withdrawing from their colonies
1948 – Burma and Sri Lanka become independent / British withdraw from Palestine
1957 – Ghana becomes independent
1960 – Nigeria becomes independent
British withdraw from Cyprus, Kenya, and Aden under pressure from militant movements
withdrawal has led to poverty and instability in Africa, but stability and economic growth in Asia

10. Britain and India Britain controlled India since mid-18th century
India was the crown jewel of Britain’s overseas empire
India was divided politically, ethnically, and religiously between Hindus and Muslimsgave Britain the power to keep control
Indians basically paid for British rule, as Britain dominated the country through a divide and rule strategy

11. Indian nationalism
After WWI, Hindus and Muslims organized nationalist movements
New leaders emerged
Gandhi studied law in Britain and embraced the idea of “passive resistance”

12. Gandhi’s actions Insisted on religious tolerance amongst Indian people
led Salt March to the sea breaking the British monopoly on salt
imprisoned many times, where he became a martyr by going on hunger strikes
During WWII, Gandhi insisted Britain leave India and Britain could not control it anymore
After Britain withdrew in 1947, sectarian warfare erupted between Hindus and Muslims
Gandhi killed by Hindu extremist in 1948

13. Indian Independence Movement
Movement more organized due to leadership from Indian National Congress Party and Muslim League
Mohandas Gandhi worked with other independence leaders in India
Practiced non-violent civil disobedience
India gained independence on August 15, 1947

14. Results in India
After Britain withdrew in 1947, war between Muslims and Hindus ensued
India splitPakistan (Muslims) and India (Hindus)

15. Conflict Between India and Pakistan
Gandhi’s vision of a country of many religions does not come true
India is partitioned into two; India for the Hindus and Pakistan under Ali Jinnah for the Muslims
India and Pakistan have come to the brink of nuclear war over the ownership of the northern territory of Kashmir

16. France and Vietnam France occupied Indochina since 1857
1930 Ho Chi Minh began a nationalist movement with the Indochina Communist Party
communist, anti-colonial, and nationalistic Vietnam leader Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam’s independence from France in 1945
1947 civil war erupted

17. France and Vietnam civil war breaks out in 1947
After losing China to communism in 1949, the U.S. began to aid France financially in Vietnam
the French are crushed at Dien Bien Phu
peace accord in 1954 splits Vietnam in two
North Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh and the communists
South Vietnam – French controlled

18. Vietnam and the Cold War
the United States believing that North Vietnam was a puppet of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China form the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to combat the communists
France withdraws from South Vietnam in 1955 leaving Vietnamese political groups to fight for its power
United States supports Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-communist nationalist (but certainly not for democracy)
the National Liberation Front with its military wing the Viet Cong make it a goal to overthrow Diem
Diem becomes more repressive
in 1963, Diem is assassinated by an army coup, supported by the United States
the United States, hoping for popular support in South Vietnam support Nguyen Van Thieu to be in charge
Kennedy is assassinated and his successor Lyndon Johnson steps up the commitment to South Vietnam especially after the an attack on an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin

19. The Vietnam War 1965-1973 – major bombing attacks of Vietnam
at war’s peak – 500,000 American troops are stationed in Vietnam – 58,000 Americans killed
1969 – Vietnamization – President Nixon’s policy to gradually withdraw troops from Vietnam
peace negotiations start in 1968, but no treaty till 1973
1975 – South Vietnamese troops evacuate country, but are routed by the North Vietnamese turning all of Vietnam over to the communists / South Vietnam capital renamed Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam’s results in the U.S.
war hurt American prestige,
many European nations felt the United States neglected them to fight an aggressive colonial war
produced enormous divisions and debates in the United States