1: TSARISM

History Started as an independent state under the rule of Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow ( ), after previously being part of the Mongol Empire Started as an independent state under the rule of Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow ( ), after previously being part of the Mongol Empire He established absolute autocracy, where the Grand Prince was the landowner of all of Russia and God’s representative on earth He established absolute autocracy, where the Grand Prince was the landowner of all of Russia and God’s representative on earth Ivan the IV, also called Ivan the terrible was the first ruler to adopt the title of Tsar Ivan the IV, also called Ivan the terrible was the first ruler to adopt the title of Tsar Established a ruling partnership with the Orthodox Church Established a ruling partnership with the Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church controlled the education system The Orthodox Church controlled the education system During Ivan’s reign, land was redistributed to those who served in the military or administrative roles During Ivan’s reign, land was redistributed to those who served in the military or administrative roles A new gentry formed, peasants became indebted to landowners, serving under contracts and paying rent through produce and service. A new gentry formed, peasants became indebted to landowners, serving under contracts and paying rent through produce and service. This system grew into serfdom and slavery This system grew into serfdom and slavery

How was Tsarism implemented? Government divided into three: 1. Imperial Council of the Tsar’s personal advisers 2. Cabinet of Ministers who each had a responsibility over a specific department 3. Senate who turned Tsar’s ideas into state laws None share power with the Tsar and are all chosen by the Tsar

How was Tsarism implemented? Corrupt bureaucracy: Each government requires a civil service to put official policies into practice. BUT, the Russian bureaucracy was based on undeserved privilege and therefore was inefficient Also autocracy meant the civil service could not develop policies officially and had to randomly interpret how the Tsar’s laws applied

How was Tsarism implemented? Oppressive Police: divided into two groups 1. Okhrana – Secret Police protected interests of the state (Tsar) 2. Normal police maintained law and order using oppressive measures and the fierce Cossacks.

How was Tsarism implemented? Conservative Russian Orthodox Church - Official religion of Russia - Reinforced autocracy and conservative values - Under state control since 1721

Russia by 1910 Largest country in the world Largest country in the world Crossed 11 time zones, two continents, 5 vegetation zones,-60 degrees in Winter and lasts for more than half the year, 40 degrees in Summer. Crossed 11 time zones, two continents, 5 vegetation zones,-60 degrees in Winter and lasts for more than half the year, 40 degrees in Summer. 161 million people in Had grown by 40 million in just 13 years! 161 million people in Had grown by 40 million in just 13 years! 60 different nationalites 60 different nationalites

Social Structure Ruling class: Royal family and members of government - 0.5% of population Ruling class: Royal family and members of government - 0.5% of population Upper class: Highly paid for low workloads Upper class: Highly paid for low workloads - Nobility, landowners, merchants, church leaders, civil service, Officers in army. 12% Middle Class: professionals, intelligentsia, and technical specialists 1.5% Middle Class: professionals, intelligentsia, and technical specialists 1.5%

Social Structure Industrial working class: Called the proletariat and lived in cities. 4% Industrial working class: Called the proletariat and lived in cities. 4% Peasants: Mainly subsistence farmers growing crops and livestock for summer only. Lacked knowledge, technology and equipment. The Tsar feared educating the masses. Were easily affected by drought, disease and famine. 82% of population. Peasants: Mainly subsistence farmers growing crops and livestock for summer only. Lacked knowledge, technology and equipment. The Tsar feared educating the masses. Were easily affected by drought, disease and famine. 82% of population.

Homework Read pages 8-13 of Malone Read pages 8-13 of Malone Glossary terms Glossary termsAnti-SemitismCapitalismArbitrarinessMirMensheviks Construct a Family tree of the Russian Tsars from Michael to Nicholas II, note down the key aspects of each reign (only a few sentences for each) Construct a Family tree of the Russian Tsars from Michael to Nicholas II, note down the key aspects of each reign (only a few sentences for each) Draw a visual representation of the make up of Russian Society in 1905 showing percentages of each class. (Can be a pie chart, a graph, a pyramid, your choice!) Draw a visual representation of the make up of Russian Society in 1905 showing percentages of each class. (Can be a pie chart, a graph, a pyramid, your choice!) Using the extracts A-E from the handout on Government in Russia, write a paragraph outlining what you think the characteristics and ideas of Nicholas II are. Also comment in which extract you think would be most reliable and why? Using the extracts A-E from the handout on Government in Russia, write a paragraph outlining what you think the characteristics and ideas of Nicholas II are. Also comment in which extract you think would be most reliable and why?