1. The Rise of Russia Chapter 18

2. The Need for Revival  Mongol (Tatar)“captivity,”  Political  Expected tribute not government  Economic  Strictly agrarian with no trade  Dependent on peasant labor  Religious  Mainly remained Christian  Cultural  Weakened literacy

3. The Need for Revival  Ivan III (Ivan the Great)  Centralized rule with Rurik dynasty  Controlled all Orthodox churches  Believed Russia to be the “third Rome” and gave himself the name of tsar  Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)  Russian expansion – doubled the size of Russia, annexing surrounding Tatar khanates  Emphasized tsarist autocracy with terror, killing any Russia nobles (boyars) whom he suspected of conspiracy

4. Patterns of Expansion  Expanded into central Asia  S towards Caspian Sea  E towards Ural Mountains  Used peasants to migrate called cossacks  Cossack (Russian pioneers)  Agriculture and military knowledge  Moved W Siberia  Semi-military communities helping the tsars  Became allies and worked as a buffer

5. Western Contact and Romanov Policies  Contact with the West  Cultural disadvantage because of Tatars  British merchants established trade with Russia  Italian architecture  “Time of Troubles”  Ivan IV died with no heir  Boyar (noble) power struggle  Foreign invasion (Poland and Sweden)  Romanov Dynasty  Chosen to rule Russia in 1613  Michael – great unifier  Alexis – abolished the assemblies of nobles, gained power over church St. Basil’s Cathedral, 1555-61

6. Russia’s First Westernization (1689 – 1725)  Peter the Great (1689 - 1724)  Build up tsar control:  Put down revolts with cruelty  No interest in parliamentary procedures of West  Gave noble titles based on bureaucratic service  Set up secret police  Expand Russian territory  Moved capital to St. Petersburg

7. What Westernization Meant  Reforms of Peter the Great  Political  Streamline bureaucracy  Military organization  Eliminated noble council and created advisor council  Appointed town magistrates as full authority  Economic  Revised tax system – increased on peasants  Built up metallurgy and mining industries  Cultural  Nobles shaved beards and dress in Western clothes  More education in mathematics and science  Ballet  Improvement for upper class women

8. Consolidation under Catherine the Great (1729 – 1796)  Took throne when husband Peter III died in 1761  Gained favor and support through fear  Pugachev rebellion  Westernization 2. 0  Invited many French philosophers to Russia  “enlightened absolutism”  Russian feudalism – landlord- dominated courts administered local justice  Censorship upon start of French Revolution