Siena Heights University Chapters 9, 10 & 11 Dr. S.Talbot

 Memory Construction  Perception v. Sensation ◦ Sensation: ◦ Perception:  Construction (constructive processing): Re-organizing or updating long-term memories on the basis of _______, _____or ______ new information

 Long – Term Memory Storage Processes ◦ Selection/ Attention – takes the information from sensory to STM. ◦ Rehearsal – ______repeating something over and over.  Elaborative rehearsal -  Recitation – ◦ __________Learning – information that is meaningful is stored more readily. What makes it to long term memory? ◦ __________Organization – does it makes sense? Info with internal connection and organization is remembered more readily. Changes in the Catholic Mass. ◦ Elaboration - using prior knowledge in the storage and perception of new information.

 Long – Term Memory Storage Processes ◦ Selection – takes the information from sensory to STM. ◦ Rehearsal – silently repeating something over and over.  Elaborative rehearsal - Look for connections to existing knowledge  Recitation – Repeating out loud. ◦ Meaningful Learning – information that is meaningful is stored more readily. What makes it to long term memory? ◦ Internal Organization – does it makes sense? Info with internal connection and organization is remembered more readily. Changes in the Catholic Mass. ◦ Elaboration - using prior knowledge in the storage and perception of new information. ◦ Visual Imagery – information presented in verbal and visual terms is remembered more readily.

 Procedural Knowledge ◦ How is procedural knowledge acquired?

 New Knowledge and Consolidation ◦ Consolidation – the time required for memory formation to become __________.  Retrograde Amnesia:  Anterograde Amnesia:  Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS): Mild electrical shock passed through the brain, causing a convulsion; one way to prevent consolidation

 Factors Affecting Long – Term Storage ◦ Working memory ◦ Prior knowledge & misconceptions ◦ New information (misinformation effect) ◦ Expectations (can’t find your own typos?)  Halo effect  Richard Stanz ◦ Verbalization ◦ Enactment – Do it. ◦ Repetition & Review  Spacing Effects  Overlearning

 Chapter 10 Long – Term Memory: The Nature of Knowledge ◦ Define? ◦ Declarative knowledge – what we know we know or the nature of how things are, were or will be.  Episodic –  Semantic – ◦ Procedural knowledge – knowing how to do.  Conditional knowledge –  Conceptual knowledge –

 Explicit v. Implicit Knowldge ◦ Explicit – knowledge that is… ◦ Implicit – knowledge that…

 How do we encode? ◦ Physical characteristics ◦ Actions ◦ Symbols – verbal codes ◦ Meaning – remembering the “gist” ◦ Are these forms mutually exclusive?

 The organization of memory ◦ Is it associations? ◦ Is it a hierarchy? ◦ Is it a network? ◦ Is it a paralleled distribution? ◦ Why do we care?

 Thinking with concepts. ◦ Concept : Generalized idea representing a class of related objects or events  Concept Formation - Process of classifying world into meaningful categories ◦ Positive Instance: ◦ Negative Instance:  Conceptual Rule:  Prototypes/ Ideal Models  Can lead to schemas and scripts about our world.

 Our theories about our world v. Reality ◦ World views – a general set of beliefs and assumptions about reality that influence understanding of a wide variety of phenomena. ◦ What affects these world views? ◦ Should we encourage the development of theories?

 Once theories and concepts have developed conceptual change is affected. ◦ Existing beliefs affect the interpretation of new information. ◦ Most people experience confirmation bias. ◦ Existing beliefs are often consistent with daily experiences and supported by the environment. ◦ People may fail to see inconsistency between current and past beliefs. ◦ There may be an emotion or personal investment in maintaining current beliefs.

 So how do we promote conceptual change? ◦ Understand what beliefs exist and why they exist. ◦ Learn information at a meaningful rather than emotional level. ◦ Individuals must believe that revision of beliefs or theories is appropriate or beneficial. ◦ Change behavior first. (Development of a problem).  Can you legislate morality? ◦ We must want to learn what is real.

 Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice.  Prejudice:  Discrimination:  Personal Prejudice:  Group Prejudice:

 Chapter 11 – Retrieval and Forgetting ◦ Retrieval Cues or Cue dependent learning ◦ State Dependent Learning  __________State

 Construction in Retrieval  Flashbulb Memories:  Includes both positive and negative events  Not always accurate  Great confidence is placed in them even though they may be inaccurate

 Implications?

 Forgetting ◦ How permanent is long term memory? ◦ Decay ◦ Interference  Retroactive Interference:  Proactive Interference:

 More on Forgetting ◦ Repression ◦ Failure to Retrieve – ◦ Construction at retrieval – ◦ Failure to encode, store or consolidate ◦ Infantile Amnesia

 Implications? ◦ School? ◦ Your current job or future job?