Chapter 26 – Global Migration and Imperialism

Population Shifts 3. Determination to improve status in society Causes for movement: 3. Determination to improve status in society 4. Asians migrated too; usually as indentured workers 2. Overcrowding in Europe 1. Economic Opportunity

Imperialism According to the cartoon, write a brief definition of what Imperialism means.

IMPERIALISM The take over of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

Why Not Imperialism Before? Europe could not penetrate to the interior of Africa because: African Armies were able to defeat the intruding Europeans. Europeans could not navigate African rivers until steam-powered riverboats became available. Large networks of Africans controlled the trade routes. Lack of communication and transportation

The First Explorers of the Dark Continent Explorers, missionaries, merchants and humanitarians created an interest in the mysteries of Africa.

The Scramble for Africa

Economic Factors: Fuel the Industrial Rev. Causes for New Imperialism Economic Factors: Fuel the Industrial Rev. International Prestige (Colonies are essential to be a great nation) Keeping up with European powers (military) Saw colonies as crucial to national security Nationalism

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 European nations meet in Berlin (Bismarck organized it) to discuss the division of Africa so it may prevent war. The 14 nations lay down the rules for the division of Africa: Any European nation could claim land in Africa by notifying their claims to other nations and showing they could control it. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remain an independent free nation within Africa.

Imperialism in Africa Dr. David Livingstone- A Scottish missionary that went to Africa to fight slavery with Christianity and find the source of the Nile River.

“Dr. Livingstone I Presume” Henry Stanley- An American journalist that found Dr. Livingstone. He wrote many articles that sparked an interest in the “heart” of Africa

The Belgian Congo King Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry Stanley to return to Africa to make treaties with local chiefs. Leopold exploited the natives by making them harvest the rubber sap from the trees; millions died do to starvation, and exhaustion.

The Quest for Wealth in Africa Joseph Conrad – Heart of Darkness

Nationalism Fuels Imperialism Each nation began to compete with each other on who could acquire the most land. “All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands.” Heinrich von Treitschke Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness and strength.

Social Justification of Imperialism Ideas of nationalism leads to a belief that Europeans are superior to inferior, or under developed nations (Third World). Racism: the idea that one race is superior to others. Social Justification of Imperialism Social Darwinism: Charles Darwin’s idea about “survival of the fittest”. The stronger nations will prevail over the weaker ones.

“Take up the White Man’s Burden- send forth the best ye breed- Go bind your sons to exile; To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- You new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.” Rudyard Kipling What is the general message from the author? What did the author mean “go bind your sons to exile? What is the author’s perception of the people living in the colonies?

Rudyard Kipling Author of “White Man’s Burden”. Encouraged imperialism through his literature. Missionaries believed that it was the white man’s duty to “civilize” or “westernize” foreign land.

Dr. Seuss of Imperialism (indoctrination)

Cecil Rhodes- A British businessman that started the Industrialization and mining of South Africa. Improved the transportation system by building R.R.---Started the Boer War

Forces Enabling Imperialism External Forces Superior Weaponry: The Machine Gun Communication: Cables, R.R. and steam ships Cure for Malaria: Allowed Europeans to not live in fear. Internal Forces Africans’ variety of languages: discouraged unity to dispel foreigners Inferior weapons and technology: Could not with stand offensive measures. Internal wars fought over land, and trade

Colonial Africa, 1914

Greed Starts a War Diamonds and Gold were discovered in the Transvaal Valley of South Africa. As more and more people began to press further into the valley, the Zulus began to attack. Shaka Zulu organized the Zulus to fight off the invaders.

Boer War- A war over Diamonds and Gold Boers were the Dutch farmers of South Africa

World’s Major Choke Points

Economic Reasons Social More resources to fuel their industrial production 2. They competed for new markets 3. A source of raw materials and cheap labor 4. The Discovery of Gold and Diamonds 1. Social Darwinism: “Survival of the fittest” 2. “White Man’s Burden” the belief that its Europe’s duty to civilize and westernize people of foreign lands. 3. Nationalism: People felt proud of their country: taking over other countries made them feel superior.

Imperialism in Asia Great Britain controlled India for its agricultural resources, or plantation crops. Tea, cotton, indigo, coffee and opium were being exported to foreign markets.

Impact of Colonialism in India Positive Effects: Railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy Telephones, Telegraphs, dams, roads, and bridges enabled India to modernize. Hospitals, schools allowed people to live longer and increase educational opportunities.

Negative Effects: British held political and economic power. British restricted Indian owned industries. Conversion to cash crops caused constant starvation in India.

The British drafted Indian men into the British army known as sepoys.

Sepoy Rebellion Sepoys rebelled against British authority when they found out that they were biting fat from a cow so that they may load their weapons. This rebellion was the turning point of British authority in India.

Imperialism in China China remained self-sufficient up until the 19th century. European traders found a product in which the Chinese want in large quantities. OPIUM is grown in India and then traded for tea from China.

The Qing emperor Speaks Out “By what right do they (British merchants)… use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? . . .I have heard that smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden in your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.” Lin Zexu

The emperor was furious because the British government knew the harm in the drug but England let merchants continue to trade it with China. A war broke out between Great Britain and China called the Opium War. The Treaty of Nanjing granted Great Britain the island of Hong Kong and allowed foreign citizen extra-territorial rights. Extraterritorial Rights: Europeans in China would be tried under British Law instead of Chinese law.

“Dining Alone”

“The Dinner Table”

The Boxer Rebellion Many Chinese opposed European influence on their culture and government and wanted to kick out the foreigners.

Imperialism in Japan The United States sent warships under the command of Commodore Mathew Perry into Tokyo Harbor to influence the Japanese to allow U.S. ships to stop for supplies.

The Meji Era The period of Japanese history where a new government took over in which it modernized Japan to western ways. Meji Emperor Musuhito

Japan Becomes Powerful Within 30 years, Japan became the most powerful country in Asia do to the following; Japan adopted only the best of what it had to offer according to them. Chose Germany’s government and military training along with Great Britain’s Naval strategy. They adopted the U.S. educational system and allowed students to study abroad.

Japan Begins to Imperialize The Japanese begin to imperialize Korea and Manchuria to show their strength, for protection, and for natural resources. The Russo-Japanese War is caused by Japan invading Manchuria looking for natural resources.

The World in the Age of Imperialism (1914)