A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Where have we been?

 Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists

Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach

Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach  Specific duties of the following Psychologists

Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach  Specific duties of the following Psychologists  Clinical Psychologists  Counseling Psychologists  School Psychologists  Educational Psychologists  Developmental Psychologists  Personality Psychologists  Social Psychologists  Experimental Psychologists  Other Specialist Psychologists

Where are we now?

 Today you will learn:

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)

 2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness  Hippocrates was a physician at this time

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece ( B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness  Hippocrates was a physician at this time  Said confusion and madness are from abnormalities in the brain

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

 During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)  During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons  Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)  During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons  Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed  Water-Float Test: Impure, you float and were killed; Pure, you sunk and drowned

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

 The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s  Psychologists argued that human behavior and mental processes should be supported by evidence

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s  Psychologists argued that human behavior and mental processes should be supported by evidence  1879 marked the beginning of psychology as a laboratory science

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism

 Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste  Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and mental images

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste  Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and mental images  For example, a person can experience a piece of pizza objectively by observing its shape, color, texture, and taste. They can also experience the pizza subjectively by remembering how good it feels to bite into it

William James and Functionalism

 William James founded the school of Functionalism

William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”

William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”  Focused relationship between experience and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook

William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”  Focused relationship between experience and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook  Functionalists- concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

Functionalism vs. Structuralism

 Structuralism relies on introspection

Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection

Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection  Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”

Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection  Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”  Functionalists asked “What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?”

Functionalism Continued

 Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful

Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits

Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic

Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic  Why is this advantageous?

Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic  Why is this advantageous?  Instead of focusing on mechanics, we can focus on what we are doing

John B. Watson and Behaviorism

 John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism

John B. Watson and Behaviorism  John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism  Behaviorism- psychology is limited to observable, measurable events

John B. Watson and Behaviorism  John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism  Behaviorism- psychology is limited to observable, measurable events  Did not agree with Functionalists because he saw consciousness as a private matter that could only be known by an individual

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement

 B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement  Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement  Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future  Skinner claimed reinforcement works for people too. What do you think?

Gestalt School

 Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt School  Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler  “Gestalt” means shape or part

Gestalt School  Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler  “Gestalt” means shape or part  Gestalt- context influences people’s interpretations of information. Perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Rather they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts

Gestalt vs. All

 Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition  Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an individual to solve a problem

Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition  Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an individual to solve a problem  Insight is the sudden appearance of Gestalt, or form, that enables the individual to see the solution

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

 Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes  People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes  People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate  But, people want to see themselves as decent, so they fool themselves about the real motives of their behavior

What you learned today

 A history of psychology

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

Where are we going?  Tomorrow we will discuss the Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology