1. History of Psychology

2. Psychology Definition: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Definition: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

3. Socrates “Know Thyself” We can learn much about ourselves by carefully examining our thoughts and feelings. “Know Thyself” We can learn much about ourselves by carefully examining our thoughts and feelings. Introspection-means looking within ourselves Introspection-means looking within ourselves

4. Plato Student of Socrates Student of Socrates Took his teachers advice “Know Thyself” Took his teachers advice “Know Thyself”

5. Aristotle Wrote Peri Psyches. (About the Mind) Wrote Peri Psyches. (About the Mind) 1 st book on psychology 1 st book on psychology He believed people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. He believed people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

6. Hippocrates Believed that bizarre behaviors were the result of malfunctions or abnormalities of the brain. Believed that bizarre behaviors were the result of malfunctions or abnormalities of the brain. 4 humors of the body-phlegm with earth, air with blood, fire with yellow bile and water with black bile. 4 humors of the body-phlegm with earth, air with blood, fire with yellow bile and water with black bile.

7. Middle Ages People believed bizarre behavior was a result of demonic /supernatural possession. People believed bizarre behavior was a result of demonic /supernatural possession. A punishment for sins A punishment for sins The Water Float Test The Water Float Test

8. Birth of Modern Science Movement away from demonic possessions! Movement away from demonic possessions! John Locke-Knowledge is not inborn but learned through experience. John Locke-Knowledge is not inborn but learned through experience. Late 1800’s, psychological laboratories were established in Europe and in U.S. and thus wee able to support the psychological theories with evidence. Late 1800’s, psychological laboratories were established in Europe and in U.S. and thus wee able to support the psychological theories with evidence.

9. Wilhelm Wundt 1879 1879 German German Structuralism-used introspection to find basic elements (structures) of conscious experience. Objective vs. Subjective feelings. Structuralism-used introspection to find basic elements (structures) of conscious experience. Objective vs. Subjective feelings.

10. Example Objective: Everyone sees an apple. Smooth, shiny, round and red. Subjective: Some may like the taste of an apple. Others may not.

11. William James 1890 1890 American American Functionalism: mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. Functionalism: mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment. Experience is fluid and continuous which forms a relationship between behavior and experience. Experience is fluid and continuous which forms a relationship between behavior and experience.

12. Example Students continue to study because they know that studying leads to good grades. Students continue to study because they know that studying leads to good grades. If you ask someone for a date and are refused each time, you will eventually stop asking. If you ask someone for a date and are refused each time, you will eventually stop asking.

13. James Watson 1900 1900 American American Behaviorism: Learning is mechanical. The study of behavior must be limited to observable, measurable events. Behaviorism: Learning is mechanical. The study of behavior must be limited to observable, measurable events. Environment is the key to shaping behavior. Environment is the key to shaping behavior.

14. Example Rats in a maze will find the way out. But what are they thinking? Rats in a maze will find the way out. But what are they thinking?

15. B.F. Skinner 1920 1920 American American Concept of Reinforcement: emphasized negative and positive reinforcement in shaping behavior. Concept of Reinforcement: emphasized negative and positive reinforcement in shaping behavior.

16. Example Remember the Rat? Skinner said that if the rat was reinforced he would find the way out. Humans learn the same way as rats! Remember the Rat? Skinner said that if the rat was reinforced he would find the way out. Humans learn the same way as rats!

17. Kohler, Koffka, & Wertheimer 1920 1920 German German All founded Gestalt (means shape or form) All founded Gestalt (means shape or form) Idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Learning is active and purposeful Learning is active and purposeful

18. Example A 13 C D

19. 12 13 14 15

20. A 13 C D 12 13 14 15

21. Sigmund Freud 1900’s 1900’s Austrian Austrian Psychoanalysis-Behavior is driven by unconscious, hidden impulses or desires, especially sexual and aggressive. Psychoanalysis-Behavior is driven by unconscious, hidden impulses or desires, especially sexual and aggressive.

22. Example Talking Cure: Freud did not directly gain his insight from observations but rather consultations with his patients.