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Unit 1: History of Psychology and Research Methods

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1 Unit 1: History of Psychology and Research Methods
1.1 History & Approaches to Psychology

2 History A. Pre-scientific (starts back in Ancient Greece)
Socrates & Plato – knowledge is born within us Introspection: examining one’s own thoughts & feelings Aristotle – knowledge grows from experiences stored in our memories Francis Bacon – developed the scientific method, which modern psych relies upon

3 History B. Modern Psychology is Born – 1879
Wilhelm Wundt – established first experimental psych lab Used introspection & lab observations Developed Structuralism with Edward Titchener Conscious experience broken into (1) objective sensations & (2) subjective feelings Believed the mind functions by combining the 2

4 History B. Modern Psychology is Born – 1879
William James wrote 1st modern psych book in1890 – The Principles of Psychology Functionalism: consciousness works to help people adapt to their environments Sigmund Freud developed Psychoanalysis Unconscious motives & internal conflicts determine behavior Many of Freud’s ideas influenced pop culture

5 History B. Modern Psychology is Born – 1879
Behaviorism: founded by John B. Watson Study of psych should be limited observable behavior Gave us the new definition of psychology “science of mental life” to “scientific study of observable behavior” B.F. Skinner introduced concept of reinforcement to maintain/control behavior

6 Approaches Biological – behavior & mental processes largely shaped by nervous system (brain, hormones, genes) Evolutionary – aka Darwinism, emphasizes ways that behavior/mental pr. adapt for survival Psychodynamic – behavior comes from unconscious drives, usually related to childhood

7 Approaches Behavioral – emphasizes learning (person’s experience w/ rewards & punishments) Focuses on observable behavior Cognitive – ways people receive, store, retrieve, & process info (how people think) Humanistic – individual potential for growth, stress individual choice/free will

8 “scientific study of the mind & behavior”
Approaches Social-Cultural – focus on how culture influences the way we think & act ex: age, race, gender, nationality, religion All these subtypes & approaches help make up our current definition of psychology “scientific study of the mind & behavior”

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