Biochemistry Chapter 3

Water polar compound  one end is slightly negative while the other is slightly positive polar compound  one end is slightly negative while the other is slightly positive results from unequal sharing of electrons results from unequal sharing of electrons molecule itself is neutral molecule itself is neutral

Water hydrogen bonding  attraction that holds different water molecules together hydrogen bonding  attraction that holds different water molecules together the slightly negative O is attracted to the slightly positive H of another molecule the slightly negative O is attracted to the slightly positive H of another molecule

Water cohesion  attractive force of particles of same kind (stick together) cohesion  attractive force of particles of same kind (stick together) adhesion  attractive forces between 2 particles of different substances (stick to other things) adhesion  attractive forces between 2 particles of different substances (stick to other things)

Water capillary action  the movement of water up through small tubes, against the force of gravity capillary action  the movement of water up through small tubes, against the force of gravity Heat sink  it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water Heat sink  it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water

Carbon Compounds Most important element for living things Most important element for living things Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4 electrons on the outer shell Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4 electrons on the outer shell

Carbon Compounds Functional groups  clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose Functional groups  clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose  molecules with the same functional groups act similar  Ex: hydroxyl, amine

Carbon Compounds Monomers  simple molecules that join together to make large compounds Monomers  simple molecules that join together to make large compounds Ex: monosaccharides, amino acids Ex: monosaccharides, amino acids Polymers  several monomers joined together to form complex molecules Polymers  several monomers joined together to form complex molecules Ex: polysaccharides, proteins

Carbon Compounds Macromolecules  very large polymers Macromolecules  very large polymers Ex: DNA

Condensation reaction Reaction that links monomers Reaction that links monomers  Removes a water molecule  take an H + from one molecule & a OH - from another  make polymers

Hydrolysis reaction Reaction that breaks apart polymers Reaction that breaks apart polymers by addition of a water molecule  one molecule gets an H + & one gets OH –  It is used to turn ATP into ADP

ATP & ADP ATP has 3 phosphates ATP has 3 phosphates (adenosine triphosphate) ADP has 2 phosphates ADP has 2 phosphates (adenosine diphosphate)  hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP to make ADP  this releases a great deal of energy  cells use the energy released to function & live

Molecules for Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen 1. Monosaccharides monomer – it is a single unit  3 types - Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose  all 3 have same chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6  they have different structural formulas (shape)  molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers

Carbohydrates 2. Disaccharides  are two monosaccharides joined  Ex: Sucrose 3. Polysaccharides  many monosaccharides are joined Plants store starch Animals store glycogen

Proteins contain C H O N contain C H O N  made up of Amino Acids (monomers)  made up of Amino Acids (monomers) Peptide bonds join amino acids 20 different amino acids  dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together  dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together  polypeptide – long chain of amino acids  polypeptide – long chain of amino acids - usually bent or folded - shape will change because of heat, acidity, & other factors

Proteins Enzymes  special proteins that are biological catalyst Enzymes  special proteins that are biological catalyst  lock & key fit with enzyme & substrate  substrate – is the substance that binds to enzyme  substrate changes enzyme does not

Lipids  large non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water  fatty acids (monomers) Have a water loving end – hydrophilic Polar end Has a water fearing end – hydrophobic Non-polar end

Lipids Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerol Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerol Saturated – unhealthy Saturated – unhealthy Solid at room temp Solid at room temp Unsaturated – healthy Unsaturated – healthy Liquid at room temp Liquid at room temp

Lipids Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerol Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerol Make up cell membranes Make up cell membranes

Lipids Wax – long chain fatty acids Wax – long chain fatty acids Plant leaf covers & ears Plant leaf covers & ears Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a chain Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a chain Ex: cholesterol, testosterone & estrogen

Nucleic Acids large molecules that store genetic information large molecules that store genetic information  DNA info for cell functions  DNA info for cell functions  RNA info for making proteins  RNA info for making proteins  Nucleotides (monomers)  Nucleotides (monomers) made of 1. Phosphate group 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base