Joints
What is an articulation? They are joints and occur wherever two bones meet
Are there a plethora of joints? Joints classified by range of motion First type-Synarthroses- immovable joint (no movement allowed) A) Suture- between bones of the skull B) Gomphosis- ligament binds each tooth within a bony socket
Second type- Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints (permits very limited movement) Bones connected by collagen fibers or cartilage
Examples of amphiarthroses A) Sydesmosis- connected by ligament (joint between tibia and fibula) B) Symphysis- bones are separated by a pad of fibro cartilage (joint between spinal vertebrae, pubic symphysis)
Third type- Diarthroses (synovial)- wide range of motion Categorized according to type of movement allowed
Categories of Synovial Joints Gliding joints- flat articular surfaces slide across one another. Permits slight movement Example-ends of clavicles; between carpals; between tarsals
Hinge Joints Permit movement in one plane only Example- atlas and occipital bone; elbow; knee; and interphalangeal joints)
Pivot Joints Permit only rotational movements Example- atlas and axis, radius and ulna
Angular (ellipsoidal) Allows motion in two planes Example- metacarpal- phalangeal joint
Saddle Specialized joint between carpals and metacarpals at the thumb. Allows angular motion but prevents rotation
Ball and Socket Allows for all combinations of movement Example- shoulder and hip joints
Types of Synovial Joints Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Ellipsoidal joint Saddle joint Ball and Socket joint
Structure of Synovial Joints Joint Capsule- surrounds joint and is lined by synovial membrane Ends of long bones are covered in articular cartilage to prevent bone on bone movement Synovial membrane is lined with synovial fluid Fluid provides lubrication to reduce friction within the joint
Joints Continued Knee joint- requires more support structures Menisci- fibro cartilage pads that act as shock absorbers
Fat pad- protect articular cartilage
Ligaments Located either inside or outside of the joint capsule Provides extra support to joint
Bursae Small pockets containing synovial fluid Form at areas of friction within joint Found in shoulder, elbow, and knee
Types of Joint Movements Flexion- movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between the two bones
Extension- movement in the anterior/posterior plane that increases the angle between the two bones
Abduction- movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane
Adduction- movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane
Circumduction- movement of arm in a loop
Rotation- moving a bone around the longitudinal axis of the body or limb Supination- turning hand palm side up Pronation- turning hand palm side down
Joint Disorders Rheumatism General term describing pain and stiffness that affect the skeletal or muscular systems SEVERAL TYPES OF RHEUMATISM
Types of Rheumatism Arthritis- disease that affects all of the synovial joints Always involves damage to the articular cartilages Cause of this damage can vary Bacterial or Viral infection Injury to the joint Metabolic problems Severe physical stress
Types of Rheumatism Osteoarthritis (Degenerative arthritis, Degenerative joint disease) Affects individuals 60 years of age or older Caused by wear and tear on joint surfaces Also caused by genetic
Types of Rheumatism Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory condition that affects roughly 2.5 percent of the adult population Cases involve immune system response attacking joint tissues Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic factors are possible triggers
Wearing away of articular cartilage (bone on bone articulation) Very painful Treated by medication Extreme cases treated with surgery