IMPERIALISM SOUTH AFRICA
THE DUTCH CAPE COLONY 1652 Established 1652 to resupply ships Boers(Dutch for “farmers”) take over Africans’ land & estab. Large farms Boers are also known as Afrikaners – speak a simplified version of Dutch: “Afrikaan” Feel they are racially superior to African people By 1790 pop. 15,000 (10,000 slaves) Fear uprising – force free Africans to carry I.D. passes when leaving work
British Cape Colony 1806 South Africa is rich in gold & diamonds 1806 – British capture Cape colony & impose British law on Afrikaners Brit’s continue segregation forcing African peoples to live far from white settlements
Diamond Mining
The Great Trek Afrikaners try to escape Brit’s by “trekking” north
Shaka Zulu
The African Wars Zulus – descendents of Bantu speaking peoples (Shosa, Zulu, Sotho) Boers/Afrikaners come into conflict with Zulus on the Great Trek Zulus led by Shaka – used military strategies (horns of the bull) and disciplined warriors
Battle of Blood River Afrikaners defeat Zulus (spears & shields no match for guns)
Conquest of all South Africans complete in late 1880’s Afrikaners pass laws to control movement of Africans and force them to work on white owned farms
The Boer War Boers resist British with guerrilla tactics & commando raids British burn crops and force women & children into concentration camps (20,000 die) 1 st Total War
Union of South Africa 1910 Brits defeat Boers – combine old Cape Colony & Boer republics as self- governing nation Constitution: gives small white minority power (votes/control gov’t.) over large black majority
Native Lands Act 1913 Whites enact laws which limit, confine, & exploit black Africans
APARTHEID Acts 1948 National policy of racial separation Blacks are forced to move to “reserves” (worthless land) Must carry passbooks (I.D.) Native Lands Act: reserves 90% of land for whites Blacks forbidden in white areas unless working
Passbook
Soweto
Soweto Uprising
Peaceful Protest Marchers
Soweto Riots
Steven Biko Anti-Apartheid and Black Consciousness Leader