Colonialism- India and South Africa Mr. Hardy RMS IB Middle School

WARM UP QUESTION Based on what you know about European colonial empires, which country do you think may have lost the most after World War II? Why? How do you think World War II may have affected independence movements in South Africa and India? ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES!

British Rule 1858 Britain established Direct Rule over India – Indian Princes could still govern as long as they swore allegiance to Great Britain – Puppet Government Created harsh taxes Laws against Indian rights Britain used the resources of Indian to enrich the British Empire – Indian people soon resented the British government

British Rule BRITISH SOLDIERS IN INDIA SOMETIME AFTER WWI

Steps towards Independence Indian National Congress – Goal- Equal status for Indians Soon began working towards independence

The Muslim League Believed in a free India Feared that because of their non-Hindu beliefs they would not receive fair treatment once independence was achieved Goal- free India should be split into 2 countries – 1 Hindu based – 1 Muslim based

Gandhi- The Father of Modern India Born in India, 1869 – Family was Jainist (Belief of non-violence) Studied law in England Practiced Hinduism but influenced by Christianity and Islam through studies Convinced the Natl. Congress to use only a non-violent method for independence – Hold marches, boycott British products and taxes *Assassinated in 1948

Independence Achieved in 1947 Separated into 2 nations (Partition) – India- Hindu centered – Pakistan- Muslim centered Separated again into Pakistan and Bangladesh People still migrated where they wish causing old rivalries to start up – About 1 million people were killed because of old issues Conflict between India and Pakistan still occurs today but is not violent

South Africa First Europeans- Dutch East India Company First descendants of Dutch settlers who farmed- Boers (Europeans) Afrikaners- European descendants who spoke native language 1820 British takes control of Cape Colony Boer War British defeat Boers for control in Second Boer War South Africa becomes officially a member of the British Empire.

British Soldiers Boer War

Boer Guerillas

Apartheid Afrikaners and English- European descendants controlled South Africa 1948 Afrikaners vs. British election – Afrikaners National Party (NP) won control of South Africa, allowing for independent rule

APARTHEID Apartheid- strict set of segregation laws separating races. – Different schools and neighborhoods for each race – “White” social class made up only 20% but controlled the government – Only whites could vote. The racist NP would control the government of South Africa until 1994.

Effects of Apartheid Sanctions (economic rules) on South Africa because of apartheid South Africa banned from the Olympics for over 30 years African National Congress- against apartheid – Hosted boycotts – Strikes – Marches Over 70 years of apartheid during South Africa’s history – Apartheid ended in 1991

Independence First free multiracial election held Nelson Mandela- first native president of South Africa – 30 years in prison for apartheid resistance – Noble Peace Prize winner

“ IF YOU WANT TO MAKE PEACE WITH YOUR ENEMY, YOU HAVE TO WORK WITH YOUR ENEMY. THEN HE BECOMES YOUR PARTNER.” Nelson Mandela

Independence Cartoons Each partner group will have 1 piece of copy paper. Fold your paper hotdog style and cut down the fold. (One half to each partner) Fold the paper into 3 boxes. Through your panels tell a story about the struggle for independence in India or South Africa. (Your partner and you may not choose the same country.) Each pane must have caption boxes with character speech and clearly outline an event in history. Your cartoon must be colored and neat! Put your work into your notebook when you are done then… read Breadwinner or Red Scarf Girl!

Independence Day 2?

Article Reading- Think Aloud! Each student is responsible for annotating their copy of the article. As Mr. Hardy reads the article aloud, read along. Do not write or highlight any material during the reading time. Think Aloud! During Stop and Jot! Time, annotate next to the material on your copy of the article. – Be sure to think of how “this” relates to me, why is this important to know, and what connections can I make to the topic?

Wrap Up Highlighting With your partner re-read the article and… 1. Highlight 1 sentence in each paragraph that you feel best summarizes the information 2. Next, cross out the sentence in the article that you feel is the least important.

Write Around Count off, as a class, by 3’s. – 1- Gandhi, 2- King, 3- Mandela On the top of your legal paper write the sentence stem… “The most influential non- violence leader was _____________...” Now, complete the sentence with your own answer. For example- because he paved the way for South Africa to break from the oppression of the Apartheid. (You may NOT borrow!)

Write Around- Part 2 Next, pass your paper to your left. On your neighbors paper, write a new sentence that gives fuller information about their topic sentence. Use your article and annotations, there are there to help! Pass again- write a 3 rd sentence that helps your neighbor’s summary. Pass again- write a 4 th sentence that helps your neighbor’s summary Pass again- write a 5 th conclusion sentence that helps your neighbor’s summary.

Cut and Paste Paragraph Cut your sentences apart so you can move them around, add to them, or even change the wording. You have until the end of class to create your Cut and Paste Paragraph! Be sure to glue it into your notebook! Interactive Notebook Order- – Guided Notes- Independence- India and South Africa – Independence Cartoon – Article- What Made Non- Violence Work? – Cut and Paste Paragraph *If you finish early, read Red Scarf Girl!