Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry Hingham High School Mr. Dan Clune

Section 1.1 Chemistry

What is Chemistry?  The study of “matter”, its composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday life? »Applied Chemistry »Pure chemistry

4 What is Chemistry?  Applied Chemistry: is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing

5 Applied Chemistry:

6 What is Chemistry?  Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge

5 Major Areas of Chemistry  Analytical Chemistry  Organic Chemistry  Inorganic Chemistry  Biochemistry  Physical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry concerned with the composition of substances.

Organic Chemistry essentially all substances containing carbon C

10 Inorganic Chemistry primarily deals with substances without carbon

Biochemistry Chemistry of living things

Physical Chemistry describes the behavior of chemicals.

13 Section 1-2 Chemistry Far and Wide

Chemistry is  central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.  important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.  a natural science.  a language with its own vocabulary.  a way of thinking.

Why Study Chemistry?  everyone and everything around us involves chemistry  What in the world isn’t Chemistry?  helps you make choices  possible career for your future  used to attain a specific goal  Do you remember “pure” and “applied” chemistry?

Chemistry Far and Wide  Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers

17 Chemistry Far and Wide  Energy- greater demands –conserve it – produce more –fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)

Chemistry Far and Wide  Medicine and Biotechnology- –vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin –materials for artery transplants and hipbones –Human Genome Project –bacteria producing insulin –cloning

Chemistry Far and Wide  Agriculture- world’s food supply –plant growth hormones –ways to protect crops –disease resistant plants

20 Chemistry Far and Wide  The Environment- both risks and benefits involved in discoveries –carbon dioxide, ozone, warming

Chemistry Far and Wide Astronomy and Space Exploration –composition of the planets –analyze moon rocks –planet atmospheres –life on other planets?

Section 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist

The Scientific Method  A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.  Starts with observation- noting and recording facts  hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanation

Scientific Method  “controlled” experiment- designed to test the hypothesis  only two possible answers –hypothesis is right –hypothesis is wrong  Generates data observations from experiments.  Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

Observations Hypothesis Experiment  Cycle repeats many times.  The hypothesis gets more and more certain.  Becomes a theory –A thoroughly tested model that explains why things behave a certain way.

 Theory can never be proven- due to new information  Useful because they predict behavior  Help us form mental pictures of processes (models) Observations Hypothesis Experiment

 Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times  Scientific Law is developed (math?)  Describes how things behave  Law- tells how  Theory- tells why Observations Hypothesis Experiment

Law Theory (Model) Prediction Experiment Modify Observations Hypothesis Experiment

Scientific Theory Scientific Theory A Scientific Theory is an explanation based on many observations supported by experimental results.

Scientific Law Scientific Law A Scientific Law is a rule of nature that sums up related observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature.

Experiment Experiment An Experiment is an organized procedure for testing a hypothesis.

Parts of the Experiment Control Group Experimental Group Constant Manipulated Variable Responding Variable

Experiment Will Aspirin prevent heart attacks? Aspirin

Scientific Method Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks?

Scientific Method Problem:Aspirin prevent heart attacks? Hypothesis:Aspirin does prevent heart attacks. Test Hypothesis: Experiment Analyze Results Draw Conclusion

Control Group In an experiment, a standard for comparison that is often needed to form a meaningful conclusion.

Experimental Group In an experiment, the group that the experiment is performed on.

Constant In an experiment, the factor that doesn’t change. Amount of aspirin, food, water, etc…

Manipulated Variable In an experiment, the factor adjusted to a different value by the experimenter to see what effect it will have on the dependent variable.

Responding Variable In an experiment, the factor whose value changes because of a change in the independent variable.

Section 1.4 How to Study Chemistry

How to Study Chemistry  Understanding and Applying Concepts –requires effort on your part –read materials carefully –take thorough notes you can use –study often and effectively –quiet, well-lit, remove distractions

How to Study Chemistry  Understanding and Applying Concepts –chemistry has a language of it’s own, so learn the vocabulary –look around you, and make the connection to the level of atoms and molecules

How to Study Chemistry  Using Your Textbook –name chemical compounds –write chemical formulas –interpret graphs –techniques to solve problems  Use your Teacher and Textbook!

How to Study Chemistry  Using Your Textbook –take good notes –solve Practice Problems –read, keeping objectives in mind –Student Study Guide (p. 33) –section summaries; Key Terms

How to Study Chemistry  On Your Own –go beyond the textbook –make flashcards –reread and rewrite notes –quiz yourself and classmates –form a study group –ASK, ASK, and ASK

How to Study Chemistry  Tests and Quizzes –cramming never a good idea –set aside a certain amount of time every day –get enough rest daily; nutrition, H 2 O –read tests carefully / thoroughly –do easy problems first –show work, and evaluate answer