1. Introduction to Chemistry Chapter 1

2. 1.1 Chemistry What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter, the stuff things are made of, and the changes that matter undergoes. – Much of chemistry is very practical and has obvious applications to everyday life, while other aspects are theoretical, or without everyday application. – What is theoretical in chemistry one day may become practical the next.

3. 1.1 Chemistry What is Chemistry? Traditional chemistry has been divided into five major areas of study: – Organic chemistry is the study of essentially all substances containing carbon. – Inorganic chemistry is the study primarily of substances that do not contain carbon. These are mainly substances from nonliving things. – Analytical chemistry is concerned with the composition of substances. – Physical chemistry is concerned with theories and experiments that describe the behavior of chemicals. – Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living organisms.

4. 1.1 Chemistry What is Chemistry? The five divisions of chemistry often overlap. Chemistry is central to modern science and to almost all human endeavors.

5. 1.1 Chemistry Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry satisfies our natural desire to understand how things work. Knowledge of the basics of chemistry and other sciences helps you arrive at informed opinions and take appropriate actions to difficult questions and scenarios. Chemistry is often used to attain a specific goal. In applied chemistry, scientific knowledge is used in ways that can either benefit or harm people and/or the environment. Pure chemistry accumulates knowledge for its own sake.

6. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Materials Modern materials would not exist if it were not for the efforts of chemists. Chemists work to create new materials as well as to improve on current materials.

7. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Energy There are only two ways to provide energy: conserve energy or produce more energy, chemistry plays an essential role in both options. – Chemistry is creating new and exciting energy conservation methods. – Scientists are working to provide new and perhaps inexhaustible sources of energy.

8. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Energy The development of batteries for the storage of energy is a goal of chemists. Scientists are seeking methods of safely producing and containing energy of nuclear fusion.

9. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology Medicine and biotechnology have benefited the most from advances in chemistry. – Much of the benefits derive from the ability of scientists to determine spatial arrangement of atoms in complex biological molecules. – Many medicines are affective because they interact in a very specific way with biological molecules.

10. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology – Knowledge of the molecular structure of the target biological molecule greatly assists the design of safe and effective drug molecules. Chemistry is providing new materials for medical application.

11. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Agriculture Chemistry plays an important role in efforts to increase the world’s food supply and to protect crops. – Developing hardier and more productive plants are key to these efforts. – Scientists are focused on safer and more effective ways to protect crops. – Chemists are working to create more pest resistant and blight-resistant plants.

12. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide The Environment Chemists work with environmental scientists to identify pollutants, prevent or minimize environmental pollution, and clean up toxic wastes.

13. 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Astronomy and Space Exploration Geologists are using information from the chemical analyses of space explorations to learn more about the formation of Earth and other planets, as well as to determine whether life as we know it could exist elsewhere in the solar system.

14. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical approach to the solution of scientific problems. – The scientific method is useful in solving many kinds of problems because it is closely related to ordinary common sense.

15. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method The scientific method is made up of the following steps: – An observation involves using your senses to obtain information directly. – A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or reason for what is observed. In the scientific method, scientists typically first observe something of scientific interest and then propose a hypothesis.

16. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method – An experiment is a means to test a hypothesis. For the results of an experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same result no matter how many times it is repeated, or by whom. The repeatability of scientific experiments distinguishes science from non-science fields. Many different kinds of experiments may be needed to learn whether a hypothesis is valid. A scientific hypothesis is useful only if it accounts for what scientists observe in many situations.

17. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method – When experimental data does not fit a hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rejected or changed; the new or refined hypothesis is then subjected to further experimental testing. – The scientific method of observing, hypothesizing, and experimenting is repeated until the hypothesis fits all the observed experimental facts.

18. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method – Once a scientific hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation it may be elevated to a higher level of ideas called a theory. A theory is a broad and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give a certain result. A theory can never be proved because it is always possible that a new experiment will disprove it. Theories are very useful because they help you form mental pictures of objects or processes that cannot be seen. Theories give you the power to predict the behavior of natural systems.

19. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist The Scientific Method – Once a scientific hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation it may be elevated to a higher level of ideas called a theory. A theory is a broad and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give a certain result. A theory can never be proved because it is always possible that a new experiment will disprove it. Theories are very useful because they help you form mental pictures of objects or processes that cannot be seen. Theories give you the power to predict the behavior of natural systems.

20. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist Scientific Laws A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. – A scientific law describes a natural phenomenon without attempting to explain it. – Scientific laws can often be expressed by simple mathematical relationships.

21. 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist Scientific Method & Law –j–j

22. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Understanding and Applying Concepts You have to read carefully and take notes and study often rather than waiting until you are facing a test. Chemistry deals with scientific facts; facts that can be discovered by making observations and doing experiments. – Your chemistry experience will include a great deal of observing and experimenting.

23. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Understanding and Applying Concepts – Discovering scientific facts takes a lot of time and effort, therefore you will often rely on information that others have discovered. – You will need to understand the chemical concepts behind some new vocabulary and many familiar words.

24. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Understanding and Applying Concepts Chemistry will help you make connections between the visible, macroscopic world and the microscopic world, a world that is too small to be seen with the unaided eye. To reinforce what you are learning in your classroom and laboratory connect the chemical concepts with your experiences outside the classroom.

25. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Using Your Textbook Before reading a section in detail, read once through quickly to get a content overview. – Take notes during the second detailed reading. – Combining reading and writing helps you retain information. – Use the objectives and key terms to focus your reading. – The tables, illustrations, and figure captions are an important part of the content.

26. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Using Your Textbook – Visual representations help to make concepts clearer. – Solve practice problems as they appear and compare your answers with those given in Appendix C.

27. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Using Your Textbook Test your knowledge by writing definitions for key terms and answering chapter review problems assigned by your teacher. – The answers to odd-numbered problems are in Appendix C. – If you are unable to solve a problem or understand a concept after a reasonable amount of effort, move on to the next topic or problem. – Ask your teacher or study group for help with a difficult problem or concept.

28. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry On Your Own Many students form study groups with their classmates to work on difficult problems, talk through complex concepts, or gain a new perspective on what they are learning. If you cannot belong to a study group, explain chemistry to your friends, classmates, and family.

29. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Tests and Quizzes Cramming for a test at the last second is never a good idea; therefore, it is much more beneficial to set aside a certain amount of time to study everyday. – How much time you set aside depends on how long it takes you to do the work. – When test time comes, reviewing work that you have already completed should be part of your preparation.

30. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Tests and Quizzes – Get enough sleep the night before the test When you get the test, read it over quickly; determine which parts of the test you can answer immediately or work out rapidly and complete those parts first. – Reserve any difficult questions for last. – Show all of your work when answering problem- solving questions.

31. 1.4 How to Study Chemistry Tests and Quizzes – After you have solved a numerical problem, evaluate your answer to be certain that it makes sense. – If you have time, go over the entire test to check for errors. – The best way to avoid panic and unwelcome surprises on a test is to be well prepared.