1. Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1

2. 1.2 Why Study Chemistry?
All the “stuff” in the universe is made from building blocks. These building blocks and everything made from them are called matter.
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes.
Has a definite affect on everyday life - taste of foods, grades of gasoline, etc.

3. 1.2 Why Study Chemistry?
Everyone and everything around us involves chemistry – explains our world.
Helps you make choices; helps make you a better informed citizen.
A possible career for your future.

4. 1.2 Matter and its Characteristics
Matter has many different forms.
Mass is a measurement that reflects the amount of matter.
Weight is a measure of mass and the force of gravity on an object.
Weight can change from place to place, but mass is constant.

5. 1.2 Chemistry and Matter
A substance, also known as a chemical, is matter that has a definite composition.
Examples:
Breathable Oxygen, O2, is made up of 2 oxygen atoms.
Ozone, O3, is a substance in the atmosphere made up of 3 oxygen atoms.
Water, H2O, is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

6. 1.2 Matter and It’s Characteristics
Much of matter and its behavior is macroscopic, meaning that it can be observed without a microscope.
The structure, composition, and behavior of all matter can be described on the submicroscopic (atomic) level.

7. 1.2 Matter and its Characteristics
Chemistry explains events on the atomic level that cause macroscopic observations.
A model is a verbal, visual, or mathematical explanation of experimental data.

8. 1.2 Chemistry: The Central Science
Chemistry is traditionally broken into branches that focus on specific areas such as:
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Biochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Thermochemistry

9. 1.2 Branches of Chemistry

10. 1.2 Check
_____ is anything that has _____ and takes up space. A. Weight; mass B. Mass; matter C. Matter; weight D. Matter; mass

11. 1.2 Check
Chemistry tries to explain _____ observations based on _____ observations. A. atomic; submicroscopic B. macroscopic; nuclear C. macroscopic; submicroscopic D. microscopic; macroscopic

12. 1.3 Scientific Methods
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, physics, biology, or another science.
It is an organized process used by scientists to do research, and provides methods for scientists to verify the work of others.

13. 1.3 A Systematic Approach
The steps in a scientific method are repeated until a hypothesis is supported or discarded.

14. 1.3 A Systematic Approach
An observation is the act of gathering information.
Qualitative data is obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or some other physical characteristic that is related to the five senses.
Quantitative data is obtained from numerical observations that describe how much, how little, how big or how fast.

15. 1.3 A Systematic Approach
A hypothesis is a proposed, testable, explanation for what has been observed.
**NOT AN EDUCATED GUESS**
An experiment is a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis.

16. 1.3 A Systematic Approach
A variable is a quantity or condition that can have more than one value.
An independent variable is the variable you plan to change in an experiment.
The dependent variable is the variable that changes in value in response to a change in the independent variable.

17. 1.3 A Systematic Approach
A control is a standard for comparison in the experiment.
A conclusion is a judgment based on the information obtained from the experiment.
A hypothesis is never proven, only supported or discarded.
A model can be used to make predictions.

18. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your 5 senses) a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF b) qualitative is word description = hot 2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas) - a testable possible explanation for the observation, NEVER “educated” guess 3. Performing experiments (the test) - gathers new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is valid

19. Steps in the Scientific Method
Performing experiments (the test)
- gathers data and observations to help
decide whether the hypothesis is valid
A controlled experiment is designed to test the hypothesis.
Analyze and Conclude
- Determine whether your data and observations either:
A) Support your hypothesis
B) Do not support your hypothesis
5. Modify hypothesis and repeat the cycle.

20. 1.3 Theory and Scientific Law
A theory is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many experiments.
A theory states a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time by repeated testing.
Theories are successful if they can be used to make predictions that are true.

21. 1.3 Theory and Scientific Law (cont.)
A scientific law (or natural law) is a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments, and no exceptions to these relationships are found.

22. 1.3 Check
Quantitative data describes observations that are _____. A. numerical B. conditions C. independent D. hypotheses

23. 1.3 Check
Scientific methods are _____ approaches to solving problems. A. dependent B. independent C. hypothetical D. systematic

24. 1.4 Types of Scientific Investigations
Pure research is research to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself.
Applied research is research undertaken to solve a specific problem in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing – leads to an application.
Chance discoveries occur when scientists obtain results that are far different from what they expected.

25. 1.4 The Benefits of Chemistry
Technology is the practical use of scientific information concerned with making improvements in human life and the world around us.
Chemists solve many real problems we face today such as:
Ozone depletion
Finding cures for diseases
Reducing the weight of cars
Nylon
Aspirin (C9H8O4) - to relieve pain

26. 1.4 Lab Safety
You are responsible for your safety and the safety of others around you.
Refer to Table 1.2 on page 16 of your textbook for a list of safety rules in the the laboratory.

27. 1.4 Check
What are accidental discoveries, like penicillin, called? A. applied discoveries B. chance discoveries C. pure discoveries D. Newton’s Law

28. 1.4 Check
What kind of research solves specific problems? A. pure B. exploratory C. applied D. model

29. A Brief History of Chemistry
The word chemistry comes from alchemy
practiced in China and India since 400 B.C.
developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals
Alchemy has two sides:
Practical: techniques for working with metals, glass, dyes, etc.
Mystical: concepts like perfection – gold was a perfect metal

30. A Brief History of Chemistry
In the 1500s, a shift started from alchemy to science – King Charles II was a supporter of the sciences
Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge
Encouraged scientists to use more experimental evidence, and not philosophical debates

31. A Brief History of Chemistry
In the late 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement – still used today
He settled a long-standing debate about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!

32. A Brief History of Chemistry

33. Chemistry Far and Wide
Chemists design materials to fit specific needs – velcro (Patented in 1955)
perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers
Two different ways to look at the world: macroscopic and microscopic

34. Chemistry Far and Wide Energy – we constantly have greater demands
We can conserve it; use wisely
We can try to produce more; oil from soybeans to make biodiesel
fossil fuels, solar, batteries (that store energy – rechargeable?), nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)

35. Chemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology-
Supply materials doctors use to treat patients
vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin (C9H8O4)
materials for artery transplants and hipbones
bacteria producing insulin

36. Chemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology-
Supply materials doctors use to treat patients
vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin (C9H8O4)
materials for artery transplants and hipbones
bacteria producing insulin

37. Chemistry Far and Wide Agriculture Produce the world’s food supply
Use chemistry for better productivity – soil, water, weeds
plant growth hormones
ways to protect crops; insecticides
disease resistant plants

38. Chemistry Far and Wide The Environment
both risks and benefits involved in discoveries
Pollutants need to be 1) identified and 2) prevented
Lead paint was prohibited in 1978; Leaded gasoline? Drinking water?
carbon dioxide, ozone, global warming

39. Chemistry Far and Wide The Universe
Need to gather data from afar, and analyze matter brought back to Earth
composition of the planets
analyze moon rocks
planet atmospheres
life on other planets?

40. Ch 1 Assessment
Which of the following has a definite composition? A. building block B. variable C. substance D. mixture

41. Ch 1 Assessment
What varies with changes in gravitational force? A. matter B. weight C. mass D. composition

42. Ch 1 Assessment
Which of the following would be an example of quantitative data? A. blue socks B. square peg C. six kilograms D. loud noise

43. Ch 1 Assessment
Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? A kilograms B. red flower C. eight pieces D. three kilometers

44. Ch 1 Assessment
What is the discovery of nylon an example of? A. pure research B. applied research C. variables D. chance discovery

45. Ch 1 Assessment
_____ is/are anything that has mass and takes up space. A. Solids B. Building block C. Forces D. Matter

46. Ch 1 Assessment
Which type of variables are controlled by the scientist? A. independent B. dependent C. pure D. response

47. Ch 1 Assessment
Weight is a measure of _____ and _____. A. force; gravity B. mass; gravity C. matter; mass D. gravity; motion

48. Ch 1 Assessment
Producing heat resistant plastics is an example of what kind of research? A. independent B. dependent C. pure D. applied

49. Ch 1 Assessment
Which of the following describes a systematic approach to solving problems? A. pure research B. hypothetical method C. theoretical method D. scientific method