Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

Image from: A CELL is... made of MOLECULES _______  ___________  ___________ ATOMS MOLECULESORGANELLES

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ WITHOUT NUCLEUS MEMBRANES Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ WITH PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Bacterial Cell

CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix! Image from:

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM

CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from:

TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane Animations from: More on this in Chapter 7-3

WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell Images from:

Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Click here to see Fluidity Animation Fluidity Animation Animation from:

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: Image from: Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from:

NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from:

NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from:

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from:

NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes Image from: NUCLEOLUS

CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from:

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from:

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: Has its own DNA

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

WHAT DOES IT DO? Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP “Powerplant of cell” Images from: Image by: Riedell

RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image from:  Image by: RIedell

RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: Image from:

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Network of hollow membrane tubules Image from:

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: Animation from:

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from:

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks Image from:

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: Image from:

Animation from: See a Golgi movie

It’s ALL connected!ALL connected

LYSOSOMES Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Animation from: Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES Image modified from: See lysosomes in actionin action:

LYSOSOMES Image from: See LYSOSOME MOVIE

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells See animation

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection

FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from:

FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

CILIA Move cell itself Animation from:

CILIA Move substances past cells

CILIA Many short FLAGELLA Few Long WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Animation from:

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Plant vs Animal cells

CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE

VACUOLES Storage space Image from:

VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Image from:

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) 1

CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Contains own DNA Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis

Go to Section: Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles See video

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! Image from: PEPTIDOGLYCAN

WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria

DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLERSMALLSMALLEST

BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things