1. Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

2. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________

3. A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES
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A CELL is made of MOLECULES
ATOMS
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______  ___________ ___________

4. CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA
1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells
Cells
life
existing
PLANT
ANIMAL
BACTERIA
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

5. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
WITH
Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND
ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES
= _________________
Cells __________ a _____________ OR
ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________
= ________________
WITHOUT
NUCLEUS
MEMBRANES
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
Bacterial Cell

6. CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

7. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell

8. Oil and water don’t mix!
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9. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM
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10. GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached
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11. TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane
Animations from:
More on this in Chapter 7-3

12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary
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Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell

13. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are
Animation from:
Click here to see Fluidity Animation
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing

14. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane)
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Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job)
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15. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids proteins
Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ &
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
out
BILAYER in
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
_________________ - recognize “self”
_______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane
GLYCOPROTEINS
TRANSPORT
FUNCTION:
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are _________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________
CONTROLS
HOMEOSTASIS
cytoplasm
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane

16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells
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17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DOUBLE MEMBRANE
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18. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

19. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the
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Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
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20. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS
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Dark spot in nucleus = __________
NUCLEOLUS
Makes RNA for ribosomes

21. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS DOUBLE CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES
Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE ___________ CENTER OF CELL
CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA)
CONTROL
DNA
RIBOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
CHROMATIN
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.

22. CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

23. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of PROTEINS
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24. CENTRIOLES Pull chromosomes apart; PROTEINS ANIMAL
Made of _______________________
Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division
Function:__________________________________
ANIMAL
Pull chromosomes apart;

25. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
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26. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical
reactions
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27. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

28. WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy
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“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell

29. MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)
DOUBLE
Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________
_______________ of cell
Burns ____________
Stores energy released as ______
DNA
Power plant
GLUCOSE
ATP
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
CRISTAE

30.  RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA
Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins 
Image by: RIedell
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31. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm
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Can be attached to Rough ER OR
free in cytoplasm
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32. RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS
Can be ________________ or ___________ to Rough ER
MADE OF ______________ & ________
FUNCTION: _____________________
PROTEINS RNA
MAKE PROTEINS

33. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
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34. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER)
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Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
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35. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES attached
Act as highway to move molecules around in cells
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36. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER)
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Has NO ribosomes attached
Has enzymes for special tasks

37. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Smooth ER)
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Makes membrane lipids
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

38. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Internal Network of membranes Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________
Acts as highway to _______________ molecules inside cell
Smooth ER:
Makes membrane ______________ Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver
PROTEINS
TRANSPORT
ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER
(with ribosomes) (no ribosomes)
LIPIDS
CALCIUM
TOXINS

39. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Image from:
Image from:
Pancake like membrane stacks
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for transport out of cell
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40. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie

41. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
stack of pancakes
Looks like a “______________________”
Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances
from ER for _______________ out of cell
membranes
export

42. It’s ALL connected!

43. LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules,
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Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

44. LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action:
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45. LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE
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46. “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells

47. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection

48. Digestive enzymes LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION:
Digests __________________________________
Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death”
Cell suicide for the good of the organism
Digestive enzymes
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
APOPTOSIS

49. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

50. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELLULOSE

51. CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________
Provides ____________ & ________________
SUPPORT PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
___________________ makes plant cells sturdy
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________
PEPTIDOGLYCAN

52. VACUOLES Storage space
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Storage space

53. VACUOLES
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Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

54. VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ plant
Proteins, carbohydrates,
water, waste
plant
Huge in __________cells ,
small in _____________ cells,
Not in _________________
animal
bacteria

55. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)

56. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Contains own DNA

57. CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane
Has own ________
_____________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where
_______________________ happens
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
DNA
THYLAKOIDS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT

58. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane bound organelles

59. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls!
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
Image from:
PEPTIDOGLYCAN

60. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA in multiple chromosomes
DNA is a single circular ring
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST

61. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES

62. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

63. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

64. Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa.
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

65. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code
define homeostasis;

66. SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts