Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES _______  ___________ ___________

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ Bacterial Cell http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html

CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through)

GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif More on this in Chapter 7-3

WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes ribosomes Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS Makes ribosomes

CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

 RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules, Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself

CILIA Move substances past cells http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

CILIA FLAGELLA WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Many short Few Long Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Few Long

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

CELL WALL Supports and protects cell http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________

VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA

Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/Acanthamoeba.html See it: Contractile vacuoles http://www.centralmethodist.edu/employee/ppornelu/BI101/Quizzes/9membranes.htm 1

CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis Contains own DNA

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg

WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________

BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS Students will be able to: describe the early contributions of Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Ruold Virchow that contributed to the formulation of the cell theory 9-12.N.1.1 summarize the cell theory 9-12.N.1.1 distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 9-12.L.1.2 relate cellular functions to specialized structures within cells 9-12.L.1.1. identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code 9-12.L.1.1. distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes 9-12.L.1.1. relate cell membrane structure with its role regulating what enters and leaves cell 9-12.L.1.1

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport cell membranes, homeostasis Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts