Organization: The 6 Essential Elements Unit 4

“giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules Flashcard Warm-up Buffer A chemical that is resistant to change in pH. These chemicals help regulate the pH in living things and maintain homeostasis. My picture: My sentence: Macromolecules “giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules My pictures: My sentences:

Essential Life Elements - Inorganic Inorganic: Carbon is NOT present Water = H2O 60-90% of all living organisms are made of water. Salts = often donate trace elements and influence the environment of the cell Na+ Cl-

pH Scale- Acid: pH range 0-6.9; H+ ions form in a solution Base: pH range 8-14; OH- ions form in a solution

Buffers Maintain homeostasis by regulating the pH within a living organism. We have buffers in our blood to keep the pH regulated in a narrow range of 7.35-7.45 These are examples of artificial “buffers” we use

Ahhhhh – just the right pH! Buffers Regulate pH Not enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom! Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom! Ahhhhh – just the right pH! Buffers can donate hydrogen Buffers can accept hydrogen.

Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale. Ticket out the Door Salt water has a pH between 7.5-8.4 is this considered an acid, base or neutral substance? 2. Sally has been exercising in excess and there is a increase of lactic acid in her blood which is causing a decrease in pH. How will the buffers found in Sally’s blood respond? True or False – If you answer false correct the statement to make it true. Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.

Subunit Mono & Poly Flashcard Warm-up A large object can be made of many smaller parts called subunits. My pictures: My sentences: Mono & Poly Prefixes that mean “one” and “many”

Organic Organic compounds must contain Carbon and the presence of Hydrogen; Oxygen may also be present Examples: CH4 = Methane C6H12O6 = Glucose CO2 = Inorganic

The “Core Four” Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Elements: (CHO) Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Monomer (subunit) = Monosaccharides (glucose) Many monosaccaharides make up a carbohydrate

Functions of Carbohydrates: Provide energy through Cellular Respiration Structure and support in the cell and body Carbohydrate chains on surface act like name tags for cells

Polysaccharides: In plants STARCH is formed from many monosaccharides bonded together In animals GLYCOGEN is excess glucose bonded together (similar to starch) CELLULOSE makes up the plant cell wall

Examples: Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar Starch – polysaccharide - corn

Organic Macromolecules Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Subunit: glycerol and fatty acids Triglyceride = 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Lipids Functions of lipids Long term energy source Ex. Bears accumulate a layer of fat before winter (when food will be less available) Insulation and protection for internal organs. Some hormones are composed of lipids (steroids).

Lipids Examples: Saturated – solid at room temp. Bacon fat, butter Unsaturated – liquid at room temp. Olive oil, vegetable oil Phospholipids – make up cell membrane

Ticket out the Door Decide whether the following compounds are considered organic or inorganic. H2O C12H22O11 Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in animals. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in plants. List two functions of a Lipid.

The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex. glucose Flashcard Warm-up Monosaccharide The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex. glucose My picture: My sentence: Protein Made of amino acids and perform many functions for living things. For instance they build certain parts of organisms (hair, nails, muscle) and they can be enzymes, which speed up reaction rates. My picture: My sentence:

Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, and P Monomer (subunit): Nucleotide

Functions of Nucleic Acids: DNA makes up genes which determine our traits through the synthesis of proteins RNA helps produce proteins

Examples of Nucleic Acids DNA – double strand of nucleotides RNA – single strand of nucleotides

Protein Elements: CHNOPS Monomer (subunit): Amino Acids

Function of Proteins Proteins function is determined by shape. Responsible for structural parts, transport, communication, antibodies, pigments, and enzymes

Examples of Proteins Chlorophyll pigment that absorbs light in plants Hemoglobin transports oxygen Hormones used for communication Keratin found in hair and nails

Ticket out the Door What are the three substances that make up a nucleotide? List one function of Nucleic Acids. What is the monomer of a protein? The protein hemoglobin is a major component of a red blood cell and transports O2 throughout the body. If the shape of hemoglobin were to change what type of consequences would this cause?

Enzyme Substrate Flashcard Warm-up A protein that is a biological catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions. An enzyme is shaped to fit with only one specific substrate. Three factors can affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and salinity. My picture: My sentence: Substrate A reaction starts with the substrate. During the reaction, it is changed and becomes the products.

Enzymes Characteristics: Shape Specific = only work on specific reactions Biological Catalysts = speed up reactions Reusable =will repeat its role

Enzymes Functions Lowers Activation Energy (energy needed to start a reaction) Maintain homeostasis by catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions

Enzymes (Include in margin) Denature: Enzyme changes shape and will not function; can be caused by salinity, temp, pH.

Synthesis Reaction + + Product Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme

Decomposition Reaction Substrate Product 1 Product 2 + Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Indicators: chemicals or tools that indicate a substance is present by changing color. pH paper: test presence of acid or base Iodine: solution that changes from a brown to blue or black in the presence of starch (a carbohydrate)

Indicators Benedicts: Tests for presence of glucose (simple sugar); color change from a blue to yellow or red Biuret: Tests for the presence of a protein; color change from blue to pink-purple Brown Paper bag test: Tests for presence of lipids; bag get translucent.

Ticket out the Door Enzymes are a type of which organic molecule? How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction? If a protein becomes denatured, What does this mean? What type of organic molecule does the Iodine test for?