BIOCHEMISTRY (Ch. 5) Organic molecules Organic molecules Carbon based moleculesCarbon based molecules Inorganic molecules Inorganic molecules Non-carbon based moleculesNon-carbon based molecules

Organic or Inorganic? O 2 O 2 NH 3 NH 3 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 CH 3 CH 3

4 categories of organic materials: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids

Carbon Compounds Why is carbon so common in living things? Why is carbon so common in living things? Carbon is a good “bonder”!! Carbon is a good “bonder”!!

Monomers and Polymers Monomers – 1 molecular units Monomers – 1 molecular units Polymers – monomers linked together into a long chain Polymers – monomers linked together into a long chain

Building Polymers Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis Definition:Definition:

Breaking Polymers Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Definition:Definition:

Evaluate…  1. Explain the connection between a monomer and a polymer.  What molecule is released during the construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?

1) Carbohydrates  Sugars  C,H,O  Store energy  Hydrophilic (“water-loving”)

Monosaccharides  Monomer of carbs (1 sugar molecule)  simple sugars  glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides Double sugars Formed by dehydration synthesis  Sucrose  Lactose  Maltose

Polysaccharides  Giant polymers of linked monosaccharides Giant polymers Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (“fiber”)

2) Lipids  Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”)  C,H,O  Store energy  Examples: Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

Chemistry of Fats  Composed of: 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol molecule

saturated vs. unsaturated

Let’s Review Carbs & Lipids  What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide? Give an example of each.  How do animals store excess glucose molecules?  What property do lipids share?  What are the parts of a fat molecule?  What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label mean?

3) Proteins

Proteins -Composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S -monomers are amino acids

Structure of Amino Acid  20 different amino acids  Each contain: Amino group (NH 2 ) Carboxyl group (COOH) Side group (R group)

Polypeptide  Amino acids link together to make a polypeptide (i.e. a protein) * see p. 101  Peptide bond- Peptide bond Covalent bond between two amino acids Formed by dehydration synthesis See animation

Peptide bond

Protein Shape  Yarn & Sweater example  What influences protein shape? Sequence of amino acids Surrounding environment  Denaturation- Protein unravels & loses shape

Enzymes- a type of protein Speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) i.e. Amylase (saliva)

Enzymes lower activation energy  Activation Energy-

 Substrate is what is changed Substrate  Enzyme binds to substrate at the active site How Enzymes Work

 Animation Animation