Unit Six: The Contemporary World 1900-Present APWH Exam Review

Major Themes Technological Developments Technological Developments Major international conflicts Major international conflicts Post-colonization/Independence Movements Post-colonization/Independence Movements Globalization Globalization Increasing concern for Environmental Impact Increasing concern for Environmental Impact

Big Picture Impact of 20th Century The World Wars: reduction of European influence outside of Europe; end of imperialism; rise of power of US The World Wars: reduction of European influence outside of Europe; end of imperialism; rise of power of US Holocaust: increase in Zionism; creation of Israel; concept of “Genocide” and crimes against humanity Holocaust: increase in Zionism; creation of Israel; concept of “Genocide” and crimes against humanity Cold War: globalization of diplomacy and conflict; division of world into East vs. West; nuclear weaponry Cold War: globalization of diplomacy and conflict; division of world into East vs. West; nuclear weaponry International Organizations: emphasis on diplomacy; League of Nations; United Nations; NATO; Warsaw Pact; International Organizations: emphasis on diplomacy; League of Nations; United Nations; NATO; Warsaw Pact;

Technological Developments WWI: machine gun, submarine, fighter planes, mustard gas (chemical warfare) WWI: machine gun, submarine, fighter planes, mustard gas (chemical warfare) WWII: advanced flight and naval technologies, atomic weapons WWII: advanced flight and naval technologies, atomic weapons Cold War: Nuclear proliferation Cold War: Nuclear proliferation Other technologies Other technologies

Environmental Impact Impact of war on the environment Impact of war on the environment Impact of use of raw materials on environment Impact of use of raw materials on environment Increasing environmental movements Increasing environmental movements 1960s/1970s: Green Revolution 1960s/1970s: Green Revolution Silent Spring: 1962, Rachel Carson Silent Spring: 1962, Rachel Carson Late 20 th Century: Global Warming/An Inconvenient Truth Late 20 th Century: Global Warming/An Inconvenient Truth

World War I ( ) Causes: Causes: Long Term Causes: Long Term Causes: Militarism Militarism Nationalism Nationalism Imperialism Imperialism Alliance System Alliance System Short-Term Causes: Short-Term Causes: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Consequences: Consequences: Increased Women’s Rights Treaty of Versailles (1919) 14 Points Self-Determination Call of Self-Determination League of Nations (failed) Middle East - Mandate System Decline of Major Empires: Isolationism (US) Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal/Ataturk Turkey

World War II ( ) Causes: Causes: All of the causes of WWI, plus: All of the causes of WWI, plus: New Ideologies: Fascism, Communism, Nazism New Ideologies: Fascism, Communism, Nazism Great Depression Great Depression Japanese Aggression Japanese Aggression Appeasement Appeasement Germany breaks Non- Aggression Pact with Soviet Union Germany breaks Non- Aggression Pact with Soviet Union Features of WW2: Features of WW2: Blitzkrieg – lightning war Battle of Britain (1940): Britain keeps Germany out of country Pearl Harbor (12/7/1941) – response to US refusal to lift economic sanctions off of Japan Manhattan Project – development of atomic bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Consequences of WWII Holocaust – 10 million total dead; 6 million Jews; 4 million others; definition of genocide in response to this event Holocaust – 10 million total dead; 6 million Jews; 4 million others; definition of genocide in response to this event Peace Settlement – Yalta and Potsdam Conferences Peace Settlement – Yalta and Potsdam Conferences Divide Germany and Eastern Europe into different “spheres of influence” to be rebuilt by victors of war Divide Germany and Eastern Europe into different “spheres of influence” to be rebuilt by victors of war Marshall Plan (1947) Marshall Plan (1947) Imperialism on the decline; independence of colonies Imperialism on the decline; independence of colonies Creation of Israel as a sovereign state Creation of Israel as a sovereign state Creation of the United Nations Creation of the United Nations Beginning of the Cold War Beginning of the Cold War

The Cold War ( ) War of ideologies between 2 major world superpower (US and USSR) War of ideologies between 2 major world superpower (US and USSR) 2 superpowers never directly fight each other 2 superpowers never directly fight each other East Germany (communist); West Germany (democratic); Berlin Wall (1961) East Germany (communist); West Germany (democratic); Berlin Wall (1961) New Alliances: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact New Alliances: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact USSR: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and Hungary USSR: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and Hungary US: England, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece and Turkey US: England, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Greece and Turkey Iron Curtain – W. Churchill Iron Curtain – W. Churchill

The Cold War China becomes Communist in 1949 China becomes Communist in 1949 Mao Zedong Mao Zedong Great Leap Forward – starvation of 30 million due to push to advance agriculturally in a short time Great Leap Forward – starvation of 30 million due to push to advance agriculturally in a short time Cultural Revolution (1966): forced agricultural work to prevent influence of the Western ideals Cultural Revolution (1966): forced agricultural work to prevent influence of the Western ideals 1976: Deng Xiaoping: expand foreign trade and industrial production, 1976: Deng Xiaoping: expand foreign trade and industrial production, Tiananmen Square (1989): gov’t sends troops on demonstration killing 100s of protestors Tiananmen Square (1989): gov’t sends troops on demonstration killing 100s of protestors Korea ( ): Korea ( ): Soviet backs North US backs South; US troops under the control of Gen. MacArthur Armistice signed in 1953 that divided country in two parts at the 38 th parallel Vietnam (1950s through early 1970s) Vietnam (1950s through early 1970s) Cuba becomes Communist Cuba becomes Communist Fidel Castro (1961) Bay of Pigs : US led revolt against Castro Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

End of Cold War Germany – reunifies in early 1990s after Berlin Wall is toppled by citizens in 1989 Germany – reunifies in early 1990s after Berlin Wall is toppled by citizens in 1989 Soviet Union: Soviet Union: Gorbachev – Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (openness) – almost all of the Soviet satellite states remove themselves from USSR and end communism Poland - Solidarity Movement

20th Century Nationalism - The Middle East Iranian Revolution (1979) Iranian Revolution (1979) Ayatollah Khomeini (US supported at 1 st ); overthrow previous leader (Shah) Ayatollah Khomeini (US supported at 1 st ); overthrow previous leader (Shah) Shi’a Islamic government Shi’a Islamic government Reverse modernization and Westernization programs Reverse modernization and Westernization programs Women need to wear veils and traditional garments Women need to wear veils and traditional garments Qur’an is basis for legal system Qur’an is basis for legal system Capital: Tehran Capital: Tehran Current President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Current President: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

20th Century Nationalism - Africa South Africa gains independence in 1910 South Africa gains independence in 1910 World Wars devastate European powers; brings about decolonization and African nationalism World Wars devastate European powers; brings about decolonization and African nationalism French: face violent revolutions in Algeria and Vietnam French: face violent revolutions in Algeria and Vietnam Sub-Saharan Africa: by late 1960s, most independent; face many problems Sub-Saharan Africa: by late 1960s, most independent; face many problems Border disputes; ethnic disputes (Rwanda; genocide: 800,000 killed) Border disputes; ethnic disputes (Rwanda; genocide: 800,000 killed) Egypt: Nasser asserts military control over Egypt; opposes Israel; Sadat is more moderate, but is assassinated; Hosni Mubarak (recently removed from power) Egypt: Nasser asserts military control over Egypt; opposes Israel; Sadat is more moderate, but is assassinated; Hosni Mubarak (recently removed from power)

20th Century Nationalism - India Nationalist groups form in India prior to WWI; movement split into groups led by Hindus or Muslims Nationalist groups form in India prior to WWI; movement split into groups led by Hindus or Muslims British refuse Indian independence after WWI - results in some violent clashes between Indians and British British refuse Indian independence after WWI - results in some violent clashes between Indians and British Gandhi - nonviolence movement; protests; civil disobedience Gandhi - nonviolence movement; protests; civil disobedience Gain independence in 1947 Gain independence in 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan Partition of India and Pakistan India - dominated by Hindus India - dominated by Hindus Pakistan - dominated by Muslims Pakistan - dominated by Muslims

20th Century Nationalism in Latin America Internal conflict prevalent in 20th century Internal conflict prevalent in 20th century Mexico: revolutions rage from 1911 through 1934 in order to gain more control by peasants; leads to strict control of country by gov’t until 1990s Mexico: revolutions rage from 1911 through 1934 in order to gain more control by peasants; leads to strict control of country by gov’t until 1990s Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro; Communism Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro; Communism

Globalization International need for oil International need for oil OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Persian Gulf War (1991) Persian Gulf War (1991) Rise of International Terrorism Rise of International Terrorism More International Organizations: More International Organizations: WTO: World Trade Organization (1994; 150 countries) WTO: World Trade Organization (1994; 150 countries) G8: forum for major industrialized countries (US, Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Canada, Russia) G8: forum for major industrialized countries (US, Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Canada, Russia) International Economic Connections International Economic Connections NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement European Union European Union