1. Nationalism in India Ruled by Great Britain Gandhi: famous leader who fought for independence using non-violence and civil disobedience. Salt March: Gandhi and followers protested British taxes on salt by leading a peaceful march Boycott: Gandhi encouraged others to stop buying British products

2. Totalitarianism One ruler has complete control over all aspects of life Stalin = Soviet Union, Mussolini = Italy, Hilter = Germany Censorship: ended freedom of speech One political party (Communists, Fascists, Nazis) *Hilter & Mussolini came to power as a result of their countries facing severe economic problems such as inflation and unemployment *Stalin: Took away food from people of Ukraine when the people resisted his program

3. World War II League of Nations: international organization created in WWI to prevent war = failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini or Japan Munich Conference: Britain gave Hitler control over Czechoslovakia to avoid war WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland (lack of natural boundaries) Battle of Stalingrad: Hitler failed to conquer Russia because of the harsh winter climate D-Day Invasion: defeat of Germany Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki: final event where US dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan

4. Effects of World War II Formation of United Nations: to solve international problems Declaration of Human Rights: list the rights ALL people should have in every country Nuremberg Trials: Surviving Nazis were put on trial  showed that individuals in government could be held accountable for their actions

5. Cold War 50 year struggle between US and Soviet Union Soviet Union took over small nations in Europe Iron Curtain: imaginary line dividing democratic and communist countries Containment: US attempted to stop the spread of communism Truman Doctrine: US gave money to Greece and Turkey to help defeat communism Marshall Plan: US gave money to help Europe to help rebuild countries from WWII Berlin Wall: Wall built to prevent people in communist countries from leaving NATO: Alliance with US, Canada, and democratic European countries believed an attack on one country was an attack on all nations Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union and communist countries alliance Cuban Missile Crisis: US discovered Soviet building nuclear missiles in Cuba North Korea: communist & South Korea: democratic

6. Economic Cooperation Interdependence European Union: organization decreasing taxes NAFTA: organization decreasing taxes and increasing trade between countries

7. Oil Politics Petroleum Most of oil is located in Middle East Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: member determine price of oil and production levels

8. Communism in China Second country after Soviet Union to adopt Communism Mao Zedong: first dictator who gained support of peasants after promising to provide them with their own land Great Leap Forward: Attempt to modernize China *Mao & Stalin had a command economy where government owned businesses and made economic decisions Deng Xiaoping: next ruler who changed economy to market/captialist/free enterprise economy (individuals own businesses) Tiananmen Square Protest: demanded more rights but lost China controls Tibet who wants independence

9. Decolonization Gained independence from European nations Apartheid: racial separation Nelson Mandela: leader who fought against Apartheid Rwanda: Ethnic conflict between Hutus & Tutsis where Hutus slaughtered 800,000 Tutis = genocide Vietnam: divided into 2 countries and united after Vietnam War (still communist) Cambodia: Leader Pol Pot responsible for genocide

10. Science and Technology Green Revolution: Use of technology to increase food supply Especially successful in India Nuclear Proliferation: spread of nuclear technology to develop energy (and nuclear weapons)