Last Word: Chapter 26, Section 4 Reading Guide due Friday; test Monday FrontPage: Turn in your FrontPage sheet.

Imperialism and Nationalism in the Middle East Late 1800’s to early 1900’s

The Ottoman Empire (1800)

Challenges to Ottoman Power  During 1700’s/1800’s, European influence in the Middle East grew – The Ottoman Empire gradually started to lose territory to European nations – Began to be called the “sick man of Europe” since it was on the decline.

Ottoman Empire ( )

“The Young Turks”  Wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end Western influence  Overthrew the sultan in 1908; put new sultan in power to carry out their policies – Persecuted non-Muslim communities – Stressed differences between Turks and Arabs  Sided with Germany in World War I – Lost many of its provinces as a result

World War I  Ottoman Empire sides with Germany (Central Powers)

After the war…  Versailles Treaty takes away many of Turkey’s provinces in the MidEast – Treaty gave mandates (territories administered by a nation but not owned) to the victorious western Powers Britain gets Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine France gets Syria and Lebanon

Mandates After World War I

Kemal Ataturk  Considered the “father of modern Turkey – Turkish general who helped to fight off Greece after WWI – (1923) Overthrew the sultan and set up the republic  Reforms of Ataturk – Modernization – built factories, separated religion from the state – Westernization – used western law model, calendar and metric system, banned hijab and fez **Many Muslims were angered by these policies of westernization

Rise of Modern Egypt  (Early 1800’s) Egypt becomes focus of rivalry between France and Britain – Both nations wanted to build and control the Suez Canal

Muhammed Ali  Considered the “father of modern Egypt”  Governor of Egypt in early 1800’s – Attempted to modernize Egypt with reforms  Those who came after him created a large debt – Egypt eventually sold rights to Suez canal to French and control of canal to British

Egyptian Independence  Finally declared independence in 1922 – Did not regain control of the Suez Canal until 1956

Struggle for Iran  (1800’s) European powers also acquired spheres of influence in Iran – Shahs (Iranian leader) were weak; unable to resist European expansion

Reza Khan  Iranian Army officer who seized power in 1925 – Set up the Pahlavi dynasty  Reforms: – Tried to end foreign control – Attempted to modernize Iran

Conflict over Palestine  During the 1920’s and 1930’s this area became the center of conflict between Arabs and Jews

Zionism  Movement which seeks to re- establish a Jewish state in Palestine – began in the late 1800’s – Led by Theodor Herzl – Driven by growth of anti- Semitism (hatred or fear of Jews) in Europe and elsewhere  Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine

The Balfour Declaration  Jews from Europe begin to emigrate to Palestine  Britain issues this statement that supports both sides – Favors the establishment in Palestine of a Jewish homeland – Nothing should “prejudice the civil and religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine”

The Seeds of Conflict  During the 1930’s, increased numbers of Jews move to Palestine – Zionists help them to settle by purchasing land from city landowners – Arab tenant farmers find themselves forced to leave; have trouble finding new work in the cities **Conflict develops between Arabs and Jews in Palestine…

Review  Which empire was called the “sick man of Europe” because of its diminishing status?  What is a mandate?  Which person was called the “father of modern Turkey”?  Which person was called the “father of modern Egypt”?  Which person seized power in Iran in 1925 and attempted to modernize the country?  What is Zionism? Who was the founder of this movement?