Biochemistry What is organic chemistry? What are carbohydrates? What are lipids? What are proteins? What are nucleic acids?

Special chemicals of life

Organic Chemistry ORGANIC means comes from LIVING thingsORGANIC means comes from LIVING things Organic molecules MUST contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)Organic molecules MUST contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Study of compounds with a CARBON BACKBONE (chain)Study of compounds with a CARBON BACKBONE (chain)C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C What is so cool about carbon?What is so cool about carbon? –Carbon makes very strong bonds With itselfWith itself –To make chains With other elementsWith other elements –H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus)

Macromolecules Means “Giant molecules”Means “Giant molecules” Form by polymerization:Form by polymerization: –Small things (MONOMERS) join together to make large things (POLYMERS) EX. It takes individual blocks to make a building!EX. It takes individual blocks to make a building! Four (4) types of Organic Macromolecules:Four (4) types of Organic Macromolecules: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates (SUGARS) Elements Present:Elements Present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Function:Function: –Main source of FOOD ENERGY –Structural component Cellulose in plantsCellulose in plants Identifying carbs:Identifying carbs: –Sweet, sticky –Ex. Sugars, breads, pastas End in –ose:End in –ose: –Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Starch

Carbs: The Video Clip

Molecular Structure of Carbs Found in RINGSFound in RINGS 1 Ring=1 Ring= –MONOsaccharide –BUILDING BLOCKS (monomers) of complex sugars –Ex. Glucose Rings=2 Rings= –DIsaccharide –Ex. Maltose or more Rings=3 or more Rings= –POLYsaccharide –Ex. Starch, cellulose

Making or Breaking Polymers Monosaccharides ARE HOOKED TOGETHER BY LOSING A WATER MOLECULE TO FORM DI AND POLYSACCS. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Synthesis = building/joining Polysaccharides AND DISACCS BREAK APART BY ADDING WATER MOLECULES. HYDROLOSIS Hydrolosis = digestion/breaking up

Lipids (Fats) Elements:Elements: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen –Mostly H and C Functions:Functions: –Store energy –Parts of membranes –Chemical messengers (hormones) Identification:Identification: –Oily and greasy –VERY LONG carbon chain –Ex. Butter, oils, waxes

Lipids: The Video Clip

Molecular Structure of Lipids Very long carbon chainsVery long carbon chains Building Blocks (monomers):Building Blocks (monomers): –3 Fatty acids –1 glycerol Saturated Fat:Saturated Fat: –SINGLE carbon to carbon bonds –SOLID at room temp (ex. Butter) –Bad for you! Unsaturated Fat:Unsaturated Fat: –One or more DOUBLE carbon to carbon bonds –LIQUID at room temp (ex. Olive oil) –Good for you! 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fat Structure

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated Fat Structure

Proteins Elements present:Elements present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Functions:Functions: –Control rates of reaction (ENZYMES) –Help form bones and muscles –Transport molecules (BLOOD) Identification:Identification: –Have AMINO GROUP that contains NITROGEN –NH3 –Ex. Keratin, Amylase

Protein: The Video Clip

Molecular Structure of Proteins Contain nitrogenContain nitrogen Building blocks (Monomers):Building blocks (Monomers): –Called Amino Acids 20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein!20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein! Polymers:Polymers: –Called POLYPEPTIDES –Form when many AA’s join together –Review: What organelle joins AA’s together to make proteins?What organelle joins AA’s together to make proteins? –RIBOSOMES! - Protein Synthesis!! What molecule contains the instructions that these organelles use to make proteins?What molecule contains the instructions that these organelles use to make proteins? –DNA!

Basic Structure of an amino acid All AA’s have an amino group at one end, a carboxyl group at the other, and an “R” group. The R group is the only difference from one AA to another. This is what codes for one of the 20 diff AA’s. Tryptophan!

Nucleic Acids Elements present:Elements present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Functions:Functions: –Store and transmit GENETIC information Identification:Identification: –Contain Phosphorus –Helix-shaped –Ex. DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid) RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid

Nucleic Acids: The Video Clip

Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids Building Blocks (monomers):Building Blocks (monomers): –Called NUCLEOTIDES –Nucleotides have 3 parts PhosphatePhosphate Ribose sugarRibose sugar Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)Nitrogen Base (1 of 4) Polymer:Polymer: –Nucleotides bind together to form 2 strands –Strands are twisted to form DOUBLE-HELIX