WHY study music. 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3 WHY study music? 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party 4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on a profession show 6. arts separate us as a species (for enjoyments sake)

What is Music? Organized sound in time? Performance was only media today blessed with high quality recordings and playback mobile devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of music. What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by Brain into anything you hear

FOUR MAIN properties of sound : Pitch Dynamics Tone Color Rhythm (time)

PITCH: highness or lowness of defiant vibrations (frequency of sound waves)= tones (440 cycles per second) distance between two tones is interval ( i.e. 440 to 460) tones that are doubled or half are called octave (i.e 220 to 440 to 880) In western music octave is divided into twelve tones Non-western can have more. Definite pitch (piano, guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs. Indefinite (drums, percussive)

DYNAMICS: degrees of loudness and softness (amplitude) accent= play one or few notes differently than those around it dynamic markings = pp(pianissimo) ,p (piano) ,mp (mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff (fortissimo) crescendo & decrescendo TONE COLOR: timbre = bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, rich, ect… By combining instruments, using different ways to play them and with today’s electronics almost and infinite amount of tone colors available.

Rhythm (time) How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM) Number of beats in a measure Feels (laidback, on top,ect..) All instruments or vocalist play time

HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/ RHYTHM pitch octaves (12 notes on piano) VOICES = Singing styles use all 4 or some of the properties of music plus introduces words and story telling. Pitch Range of vocal= pro singers can get up to 2 octaves (octave is doubled same pitch freq 220hz 440hz 880hz ect.) larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower pitch) four basic ranges: SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR, BASS

Methods of singing or singing style differ with how singer uses the four types of sound & lyrically content. Examples – Opera uses wide pitch range, tone color of singer?, lots of dynamics, and varying rhythms JAZZ = good pitch range but less than Opera / dynamics Big/ rhythm varies but less, goes with the groove/ Rock / Pop = usually uses less pitch range, tone color of singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic variations Hip Hop / Rap = usually uses almost no pitch range , tone color of singer, less dynamics, relies heavily on rhythm

Performance media INSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that produces musical sounds. (single note or multi) CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC

Bass (Baritone or Contra) Different class of types sometimes have Soprano, Alto Tenor Bass (Baritone or Contra) subclasses determined by pitch Advantages/ differences to voices wider range, faster, more tone color options, larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones than singing, can be organized into multiple different groups to produce varying types of sound combinations.

WOODWINDS traditional made out of wood produce sound with air columns that have holes that are covered or uncovered to change length of air column. produces only one note at a time.

(flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) Clarinet Family Flute family (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) Clarinet Family (clarinet & saxophone –single reed) Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari Oboe Family (oboe, English horn -double reed) Bassoon Family (bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)

Four Main instruments are BRASS Four Main instruments are Trumpet Trombone French Horn Tuba

blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece , vibrations come from players lips not a reed. tone is then colored in the flared end called the BELL. pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by values and slides to change the length of the tube (sometimes hand on a French horn). tone color can be altered by using a mute (made of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell single note instruments

THE RHYTHM SECTION Drum-set Percussion Bass (Stringed) The Guitar (Stringed) Keyboards

THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch) Bass drum Snare Tom Toms Rack Toms Floor Toms Cymbals Rides & Crash Hi Hats

Percussion Tambourines Shakers Cowbells Chimes Vibes Indefinite Pitch

BASS (definite pitch /low range) Electric Fretless electric Acoustic upright Arco technique

Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range) Acoustic Arch Top Electric

Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range) The Piano (88 Keys) The Organ Fender Rhodes Analog Synthesizer Digital Synthesizer THE COMPUTER (analog and digital looping)

ANALOG TAPE STUDIO recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape length of looped tape could be timed to give rhythmic feel

COMPUTERS with use of MIDI (code that allows digital instruments and computers to talk to one another) computers can now not only record music but be part of the creation process. with programs you can control sound , change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD) I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any instrument but can create sounds and rhythms that are physically impossible to do live.

CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC THE RHYTHM SECTION Drum-set Percussion Bass (Stringed) The Guitar (Stringed) Keyboards

ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..) STANDARD OR COMMMON GROUPS &ENESEMBLES TONE COLOR MIX RANGE COMPLIMENTS DYNAMIC COMPLIMENTS ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)

Typical Pop/Rock Band: Drums = TIME/RHYTHM/FEEL Bass = TIME & ROOT NOTES Guitar = TIME & CHORDS & LEADS Keys = CHORDS & EFFECT Vocals = LEAD MELODY HORNS = LEADS & EFFECTS

FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1 FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES

(writing & reading music) MUSICAL NOTATION (writing & reading music) RHYTHMIC NOTATION & MELODIC NOTATION

RHYTHM Beat or Pulse=where is it felt? Examples? Measured in BPM (beats per minute) Speed referred to as TEMPO (how fast how slow)

Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop Classical / Orchestral TEMPOS Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop usually steady Classical / Orchestral tempos can vary inside the piece

Italian tempo markings on p. 32 (know at least a couple of these!) Largo – very slow, broad Grave – very slow, solemn Adagio – slow Andante – moderately slow, walking pace Moderato – moderate Allegretto – moderately fast Allegro – fast Vivace – lively Presto – very fast Prestissimo – as fast as possible

Meter ( 2 ,3, 4, 6,7, ect..) (duple, triple, quadruple, sextuple, ect…) Dynamic accent = to emphasize a note in the rhythm Syncopation = when the accented note is between beats or where you wouldn’t normally expect it

Rhythm notation Time Signatures ¾ 4/4 6/8 pulse – 3 or 4 (the 4/4 measure most common)

Rhythm notation stems and flags whole notes thru 16th notes equal too how many 16ths in 4/4 measure

Rhythm notation dotted notes ( 1 ½ value) rest and dotted rest ties / triplets (3 over 2)

MELODIC NOTATION The KEYBOARD -keyboard has most of the available notes or range of all traditional instruments -keyboard is used as basis and most musicians also play a little piano as well staff related to notes on keyboard - Ć ƒ

The KEYBOARD CHROMATIC SCALE = all 12 tones from octave to octave Whole steps = 2 movements in the chromatic scale Half steps = 1 movement in the chromatic scale - Ć ƒ

The Grand Staff MELODIC NOTATION TREBLE & BASS CLEFS Every Good Boy Does Fine /FACE – Treble Good Boys Do Fine Always / All Cows Eat Grass -Bass

SCALES & KEYS

Single Note MELODY LINE CLEF (Treble or Bass) Key Signature Time Signature NOTES and ACCIDENTALS

CHORDS CHORD SYMBOLS

PIANO MUSIC Melody in the right hand – Single notes Harmony in the left hand - Chords

THE SCORE Individual parts The conductors Score Lead Sheets

THE LEAD SHEET

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2 Notation identification

MELODY Melody usually single note phrases that is the LEAD of the piece = single notes that add to a recognizable whole

A MELODY HAS START / MIDDLE / END DIRECTION / SHAPE / CONTINUITY UP & DOWN

A MELODY HAS TENSION & RELEASE EXPECTION & ARRIVAL MOVING IN STEPS or LEAPS

A MELODY HAS RANGE = highest & lowest notes used in the melody (highest often called the CLIMAX)

are very important & can make melody unrecognizable Time & Rhythm are very important & can make melody unrecognizable

Legato vs. Staccato Phrases & Sequence Incomplete Cadence vs. Complete Cadence

THEMES Re-occuring Elements Pitches Rhythms Melodic shapes Tone Colors Associations

HARMONY To accompany with chords or other, related to the Main Melody but separate. The Backround usually Usually composed second Multiple melodies can be imposed over same harmony Harmony can be changed around original Melody

HARMONY = chords (more than 1 note at a time) how they are constructed Progressions (how they follow 1 another)

Melody usually written 1st & dictates harmony will be harmony can move & change against melody to create new textures Basic Chord vocab. Has remained constant for hundreds of years, but new chord constructs do appear now& then.

CONSONANCE vs. DISSONANCE Consonance = points of arrival, rest, resolution, they sound finished Dissonance = create tension, onward motion towards consonance, considered “active” harshness of dissonant chords is relative to time periods

THE TRIAD most common type of chords most basic made of only 3 different tones other chords can have 4, 5, 6, and more different notes. notated as Root , 3rd, 5th, stacking on staff 4 basic TRIADS / MAJ, MIN, DIM, AUG

BROKEN CHORDS (Arpeggios) playing of chords (triads) as individual notes in sequence instead of all at the same time.

KEYS Most melody and harmony are built around key centers (scales) Chromatic scale all 12 tones of western octave (movement on keyboard) Key signatures ( sharps and flats to add or take away)

--MAJOR KEYS C major scale (white keys / tetra chord steps in chromatic scale / steps same everywhere just higher or lower) MINOR KEYS --minor scales (sad keys)

Modulation (Changing of keys) Tonic key (key you started in)

MUSICAL TEXTURE Monophonic Polyphonic Homophonic

1 melodic line Unison if more MUSICAL TEXTURE Monophonic 1 melodic line Unison if more Can have 1 or more than one voice or instrument playing/singing the same line

more than 1 melodic line combined to make COUNTERPOINT MUSICAL TEXTURE Polyphonic more than 1 melodic line combined to make COUNTERPOINT Imitation = Row Row Row Your boat … as a Round is strict imitation. Imitation is not always strict

1 melody accompanied by chords MUSICAL TEXTURE Homophonic 1 melody accompanied by chords most Common in Western Music today when chords become more than just whole or 1/2 notes we can push boundaries of polyphonic

Repetition / Contrast / Variation MUSICAL FORM techniques for: Repetition / Contrast / Variation Modern forms (verse /pre-chorus/Chorus/bridge/solo) strange to have a THRU composed

MUSICAL FORM Two Part (Binary Form) Form AB can subdivide AABB ABB AAB etc…..

MUSICAL FORM THREE PART (Tertiary) (can be subdivided) ABC ABA’ etc…..

modern POP song forms verse/ chorus/solos / bridge/ intro / tags/ outro/ inst break / ect… IN CLASS EXERCISE Analyze FORM of: Help Hard Days Night

HELP by The Beatles Intro (A) Verse (B ) Chorus (C) Verse 2 (B’) Verse 3 (B’’) TAG

HARD DAYS NIGHT by The Beatles Verse 1 (A) Verse 2 (A’) Bridge (B) Guitar solo (A’’) ½ verse (1/2 A) TAG

Pick your own song to write out form HOMEWORK Assignment 3 Pick your own song to write out form