The Phoenicians and the Lydians Chapter 2 Section 5 We won’t spend a lot of time on these two cultures, but they each made an important contribution, so it is important to realize where these contributions came from.

Phoenicians Loose union of city-states Sea was vital for trade Little fertile land Surrounding mountains made travel difficult Very skilled sailors One of the greatest traders in the ancient world Lumber Metals Gold and silver Murex- shellfish used to make a purple dye It took about 60,000 murices to make 1 lb. Of the royal purple dye.

Phoenicians Peaked around 1000 B.C. Culture Religion Writing Very similar to Babylonians and Egyptians Religion Very focused on winning the favor of the gods In some cases, children were sacrificed Usually following natural disasters Writing Phoencian Alphabet- became the model for Western alphabets Still very different, but you can see some similarities between the Phoenician alphabet and our own.

Phoenicians Never established a major empire, but the Phoenician alphabet was a major contribution Greeks and Romans adopted the alphabet Conquered by the Assyrians Romans used the alphabet to develop the alphabet we use today.

Lydians Peaked around 600 B.C. Makes up what is today the Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) Major contribution: coined money Why was this so important? No longer had to rely on bartering for trade Their development of a money economy spread across the ancient world I’m sure you can imagine someone with a lot of money, but they might not have any goods that you would want. Money allowed for better trade b/c people no longer needed to trade goods straight up. Imagine if we still had to trade goods straight up today.

                                                    The Origins of Judaism Chapter 2 Section 6 Picture: Abraham

Hebrews Ancestors of the modern Jews Inhabited Canaan Abraham Jacob Small strip of land south of Phoenicia See map on p. 41 Abraham Founder of the Hebrew people Jacob Grandson of Abraham Had 12 sons Each established a tribe Twelve Tribes of Israel Picture: Jacob

Exodus Due to droughts, the Hebrews left Canaan and traveled to Egypt Lived peacefully in Egypt for some time Eventually fell out of favor of the Egyptians Why? Most scholars believe that the Hebrews may have come to Egypt with the Hyksos When the Egyptians expelled the Hyksos in 1200 B.C., they held the Hebrews as slaves

Exodus Hebrews held as slaves for over 400 years Moses Led the Hebrews from slavery (Exodus) Led the Hebrews into the desserts of the Sinai Peninsula The Ten Commandments Moses climbed to the top of Mt. Sinai and returned with tablets containing the commandments Inspired, Moses set out to claim Canaan What we know about Moses and the Hebrews come largely from the Bible.

Activity Read the Ten Commandments on p. 45 Write a response to each commandment explaining why the rule would help to preserve the Hebrew community Use complete sentences 10 pts. Hint: Covet – desiring goods belonging to others

Founding of Israel Resistance in Canaan Canaanites in the north Conquered by the Hebrews Philistines in the south Driven out by the Hebrews, but never fully conquered During the fighting, the 12 Tribes united under a single kingdom- Israel Saul  1st king David  succeeded Saul and made Jerusalem a religious center Solomon brought Israel to its height in wealth in power Picture: Solomon

Divided Kingdom After Solomon’s death in the late 900’s B.C., the kingdom divided due to struggles for political power Northern tribes formed the kingdom of Israel Southern tribes formed the kingdom of Judah Lacking unity and strength, the two kingdoms were conquered 722 B.C. Assyrians conquered Israel 587 B.C.  Chaldeans conquered Judah

Freedom When Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered the Chaldeans, he allowed the Hebrews to return to their homeland The Hebrews rebuilt Jerusalem Torah- The first 5 books of the Old Testament Includes the Hebrew code of Laws

Judaism Yahweh  Hebrew God Ethical monotheism Spiritual force, not a glorified human or nature Political rulers had no claims to divinity According to the Ten Commandments, only Yahweh is divine Monotheistic Ethical monotheism Emphasizes ethics, or proper conduct Carried over to the founding of Christianity Judeo-Christian ethics  similar values One of the most important contributions to Western civilization

Dead Sea Scrolls Ancient manuscripts Date back to the 100’s B.C. Detailing the history and principles of Judaism

Activity/HW Section 6 Review Ch. 2 Review P. 47 P. 48 #3 #4 c and d only Ch. 2 Review P. 48 Writing About History ONLY COMPLETE THE CHART DO NOT WRITE A REPORT Unless you want to : )