Unit IV THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WWI

World History - First Industrial Revolution Text Pages  Please read text pages  Write 5 bullet points/sentences for each topic 1. Cotton production 2. Coal and Iron Industries 3. Railroads 4. Factories 5. Population  evaluate their significance in the industrial revolution. Be sure to include…  people/inventors  changes as a result of invention  what impact the factors of the industrial revolution had on the economy

Section 19-1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America?  capital- money available for investment  industrial capitalism- an economic system based on industrial production

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America?  socialism- a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls means of production

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America? Start of the Industrial Revolution  Started in Britain in the 1780’s; 3 reasons: 1. farming practices changed and people had more money to spend on manufactured goods 2. population grew and allowed for more workers to have jobs in factories 3. Britain had the money to invest Accomplishments of the Revolution  New inventions were created to make cotton production easier;  steam engine was critical to the revolution;  coal fueled it  by 1850 there were over 6000 miles of railroad in Britain;  factories created a new labor system  owners want to keep machines working all the time and workers had to take shifts  working conditions were often harsh

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America?  THE SPREAD of INDUSTRIALIZATION  The next countries to industrialize were Belgium, France, and Germany  By the mid 1860’s the industrial revolution spread to America  By 1850, 50% of people were factory workers  Used steam boats to transport goods  By 1860, there were 30,000 miles of railroad across the US

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America? Social Impact  Population doubled in Europe during this time  decline in death, war and disease.  There was a new middle class emerging  industrial middle class  owned the machines and factories  often greedy Industrial working class  people who worked in the factories  horrible working conditions  women and children worked in factories too  worked hour days, 6 days a week, it was hot dusty, dirty, dangerous

How did the Industrial Revolution impact Europe and North America?  SOCIALISM  Society, usually through the government owned things like natural resources or factories  It started off as an idea of intellectuals who believed in equality for all and who wanted to replace competition  Later socialists of this time were called utopian socialists because they had impractical dreams

Section 20-1 THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  bourgeoisie- the middle class  proletariat- the working class

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  dictatorship- government in which a person or group has absolute power  revisionists- belief that workers must organize in mass political parties and work with other parties to gain political reform

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Material growth allowed for the 2 nd Ind. Rev.  The 2 nd Ind. Rev. is associated with growth of steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum  Wages increased for workers after 1870  Prices for manufactured goods were lower b/c of lower transportation costs

How did the Industrial Revolution change society? Advanced Industrial Zone  Great Britain  Belgium  France  Netherlands  Germany Agricultural  Southern Italy  Austria-Hungary  Spain  Portugal  Russia

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  ORGANIZING the WORKING CLASS  1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto  Blamed capitalism for harsh working conditions  Set forth guidelines for a new form of gov’t communism  Marx believed society was split into two groups bourgeoisie and the proletariat  Eventually he thought the working class would overthrow the middle class

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  RESULTS  Working class leaders did eventually organize based on Marx’s ideas  Most important: German Social Democratic Party  Pure Marxists were known as revisionists  By 1914, trade unions developed so workers could achieve rights

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  UNIVERSAL EDUCATION  Government decided it would be a good idea to educate the population for two main reasons:  Need for skilled labor in the 2 nd industrial revolution  More people can vote and there was a need for people to be better educated Most immediate result was the increase in literacy. This led to the creation and distribution of newspapers

How did the Industrial Revolution change society?  New Forms of Leisure  Leisure is what people do for fun after work  Evening hours, weekends, and summer  Examples: amusement parks, team sports, dance halls.

Section 21-4 NATION BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  creole- a person of European descent who was born in Latin America and who lived there permanently

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  Monroe Doctrine- a doctrine issued by U.S. President James Monroe in which he guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations and warned against any European intervention in the Americas

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  NATIONALISTS REVOLTS  There were four major groups living in Latin America in the early 1800’s  1. native Latin Americans  2.Peninsulares (officials who held power)  3. Creoles- descendents of Europeans born in Latin America, controlled businesses  4. Mestizos- people of European and Latin American descendents (mixed race); mainly they were laborers

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  (contd)  Jan. 1, 1804, Haiti gained independence  First of the independent states to do it

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  (contd)  Mexico  1810 Mexican revolt against natives and mestizoes  1821 Mexico declared independence from Spain  Led by Miguel Hidalgo  September 16, Mexican Indep day  By 1823, Mexico became a republic

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  (contd)  Jose de San Martina of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela are known as the Liberators of South America  They helped to liberate Central and South America from Spain Brazil was liberated, on its own from Portugal, in 1822

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  MONROE DOCTERINE  By the early 1820’s all of Spain’s colonies on the American mainland were declared independent  The only remaining were Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  (Contd.)  Meanwhile Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed an alliance  This alliance, not including Britain, wanted to help Spain regain its colonies in Latin America and Russia formed the Quadruple Alliance to suppress movements against monarchies in Europe

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  Contd.  Britain wanted to limit the amount of expansion by the Spanish in the new world  Wanted to issue a joint statement with the United States

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  Contd  John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, wanted to work without the British  President James Monroe agreed  The United States issued the Monroe Doctrine

What impact did independence have on Latin America?  Contd.  1823 Monroe Doctrine issued, it stated:  “The American continents were henceforth not to be considered as subjects for further colonization by any European powers.”  This guaranteed Latin America protection from for colonization and asserted US power

Section 22-1 THE DECLINE OF THE QING DYNASTY

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere?  self-strengthening- a policy in China in the late 19 th and early 20 th century that encouraged the adoption of Western technology, while keeping Confucian values

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere?  spheres of influence- areas in China where imperial powers had exclusive trading rights  indemnity- a payment for damages

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere?  Qing Dynasty in China   They were at their height in 1800  The dynasty decline over the next 100 years  One major reason is the external pressure from westerners Other reasons included: corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence and population growth

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere? TRADE with CHINA  British felt there was an imbalance in trade; they imported tea, silk and porcelain from Chinese and sent cotton from India to pay for the imports; however, the cost was still not covered  As a result, British began to trade opium with Chinese that was grown in Northern India  Chinese gov’t asked them to stop b/c if the danger of the drug but British refused OPIUM WAR  Britain refused to stop  Chinese responded by trying to blockade the British.  British responded with force. It became known as the Opium War.  Treaty of Nanjing in 1842  allowed for 5 ports in for British trade they also  allowed them have their own laws  known as extraterritoriality.  Also gave Hong Kong to British (return to them in 1997.

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere? TAI PING REBELLION  peasant revolt that lasted from  led by Hong Xiuquan.  proclaimed a new dynasty, the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.  Goal: more rights for peasants.  Europeans eventually came to the aid of the Qing dynasty. RESULTS of TAI PING REBELLION  One reason the Qing dynasty could not put down the rebellion was because of the struggle with Western powers.  The Treaty of Tianjin in 1858  Chinese agreed to legalize the opium trade.

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere?  REFORM and IMPERALISM in CHINA  After the Tai Ping Rebellion,  reformers wanted a new policy of self-strengthening  China adopted western values  kept their Chinese tradition  Since the Qing dynasty was weak,  European countries began to create spheres of influence in China,  this made them imperial powers with exclusive trading rights. This further weakened China.

What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere? OPENING the DOOR TO CHINA  US Secy. Of State John Jay proposed the “Open Door Policy  This called for equal trade among US and European nations with China.  China would not do any favors for any particular county. That way no one country would control China.

 Boxer was a popular name for members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists.  upset over the Open Door Policy and the foreign take over of their country.  killed many people including Christian missionaries, foreign businesspeople and the German envoy to Beijing.  August,1900  20,000 British, French, German, Russian, American, and Japanese troops attacked Beijing and restored order.  They then demanded concessions and the Chinese had to pay a heavy indemnity. What impact did the decline of China have on the Western Hemisphere? BOXER REBELLION

Section 23-1 THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  conscription- a military draft  mobilization- the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  7 major events leading to WWI in 1914  1. June 28: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by the Black Hand.  2. July 23: Austrian leaders send ultimatum to Serbia.  3. July 28: Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia.  4. July 29: Czar Nicholas II declares war on Serbia.

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  7 major events leading to WWI (contd)  5. August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.  6. August 3: Germany declares war on France who then issues an ultimatum to Belgium.  7. August 4: Great Britain declares war on Germany.

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  NATIONALISM and the SYSTEM of ALLIANCES  Europe divided into two major alliances established in 1914  Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy  Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, and Russia

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  INTERNAL DISSENT  Socialist labor movement were stronger  Called for labor groups to go on strike until they attained their goals-even used violence  Leaders of these countries fear revolutions within their borders-  encouraged to go to war with other countries

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  MILITARISM  Due to conscription, armies in Europe doubled in size between 1890 and 1914  Military leaders were more powerful  Many political leaders were making military decisions instead of political decisions

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  OUTBEAK of WAR SUMMER 1914  Internal conflicts, nationalism, and militarism led to the WWI but the most major factor:  Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand on June 28, 1914  He was heir to the throne of Austria- Hungry

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  OUTBEAK of WAR SUMMER 1914  The Balkans is the region between the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Adriatic and Aegean Seas  Included Bosnia, Serbia  Mainly agricultural Austria-Hungry and Russia wanted to control this area

The Balkan area, 1914

What are the seven key events during the summer of 1914 that led to the start of WWI?  OUTBEAK of WAR SUMMER 1914  With the assassination of Ferdinand, Austria took the opportunity to try to suppress Serbia  The alliances took effect  Europe was at war

Section 23-2 THE WAR

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI?  propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause  trench warfare- warfare fought in trenches (ditches protected by barbed wire)

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI?  war of attrition- a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses  total war- a war involving a complete mobilization of resources and people in warring countries

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI?  WAR STRATEGY or TECHNOLOGY  1. Propaganda- stirred up hatred toward other nations; also created enthusiasm for war  2. Trench warfare- used on the western front; ditches protected by barbed wire; troops on both sides tried to infiltrate the other by charging and using bayonets  3. war of attrition-based on wearing down each side by constant attacks and heavy losses

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI?  WAR STRATEGY or TECHNOLOGY  4. airplanes- 1 st used to spot the enemy; then attacked the enemy both in the air and on land  5. submarines- used as a blockage to British, sank military and civilian ships  6. planned economies- countries used this strategy to mobilize resources

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI? WIDENING of WAR  More countries that were not part of the initial alliances were taking sides as the war progressed ENTRY of the US  US tried to remain neutral  May 7, 1915, the Germans sank the Lusitania.  1100 were killed and 100 of those were Americans.  This led to Germans restricting their submarine warfare to military ships only.  January 1917, the Germans were desperate to win the war. They reinstated unrestricted warfare.  American entered the war in US Entered on the side of allies.

What was the immediate cause of America entering WWI?  IMPACT of WAR  WWI became a total war; it affected all people  Countries needed more resources as time went on  As war went on popularity decreased  Many men fount on the warfront; as a result, women had more employment opportunities  After the war ended women were given the right to vote in GB, German, Austria, and the US (19 th amendment in 1920)

Section 23-4 END OF WAR

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  armistice- a truce or an agreement to end the fighting in a war  reparation- a payment by a nation defeated in a war to other nations to cover the cost of the war

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  mandate- a commission from the League of Nations to a nation that allowed it to officially govern another region without actually owning the territory

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  THE LAST YEAR of the WAR  Because of the Russian Revolution, Russia was no longer in WWI  Germany focused on the Western front; March 1918, they led a grand offensive in a region of France known as Marne.  They were defeated by French, Moroccan, and Americans who drove them out with tanks

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  (contd)  September 29, 1918 General Erich Ludendorff was defeated and called for peace with the Allies  Allies refused to make peace with the current German government  Instead, the Allies wanted to create a more democratic government in Germany

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War? Unrest in Germany  German people did not want to wait for the reforms to take place; as a result, they began to form councils throughout Germany; by November Kaiser William II was forced out. The movement was led by Fredrich Ebert and they created a democratic republic ARMISTICE  The allies agreed to sign an armistice with this new government on November 11, This eventually became known as Veterans day here in the United States.

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Major Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles  1. Responsibility/ costs of war: treaty said Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war; Germany had to pay reparations to Allies  2. Military: Germany had to reduce its army and navy and eliminate its air force

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Treaty of Versailles contd.  3. Territory: Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France; parts of eastern Germany given to a new Polish state  4. Buffer Zone: German land on both sides of the Rhine were a demilitarized zone and stripped of weapons and forts. *This was created to prevent Germany from making any advances towards France.

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Peace Settlements  Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany on June 28, 1919  Each of the defeated nations signed a peace treaty  Problem with the treaties: each was guided by self- determination, but the mixture of eastern European countries had ethnic minorities

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Peace Settlements contd.  Problem: The death of so many people caused many people to undermine progress  Problem: Since new states were created, it led to new problems  Problem: Government power increased which led to more turmoil

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Fourteen Points and LEAGUE of NATIONS  US President, Woodrow Wilson, proposed “Fourteen Points”;  Reach peace agreements openly rather than through secret meetings  Reducing armaments to a point consistent with domestic safety  Ensuring self-determination (the right of each people to have their own nation)  Creation of democratic governments and general association with them

What efforts were made to restore peace after the Great War?  Fourteen Points and LEAGUE of NATIONS  Wilson is also credited with creating the idea of a world organization during the Paris Peace Conference  This proposal became known as the League of Nations  It was not approved by the US Senate, therefore weakening the Treaty of Versailles and it was a defeate for Wilson on the home front  This was the precursor to the United Nations