Learning Goals ► The students will understand the Reconstruction treaties the U.S. Government signed with the Five Civilized Tribes

Reconstruction Treaties ► Reconstruction Treaties with the Five Tribes reduced the land of those tribes to about half its previous size. They divided what had once been Indian Territory into two distinct parts.

Indian Territory ► Indian Territory did not actually belong to the United States and was not a part of the political make-up of the nation. ► Only those lands which had not been assigned to Indian tribes were under the direct jurisdiction of the United States Government. ► Indian agencies were established in the new tribal territories, and Indian agents were assigned there to distribute goods and services owed the tribes.

Goods and Services ► Services provided medical care and education to replace the schools which were left behind or to train Indians for a necessarily new way of life, and new medicine to replace the traditional medicine which was by nature a regional art. ► Each tribe or confederacy of tribes governed itself. The tribes made their own laws and set the penalties for breaking those laws. They provided their own police forces and patrolled their own boundaries. ► The greater a tribes need the more control the United States had. ► The Civil War not only reduced tribal lands but also reduced Indian power. ► The reservation era was a whole new proposition for all Native Americans.

The Leased District ► After the Civil War the entire western half of Indian Territory was available for settlement by western tribes ► Tribes the government intended to remove from areas of the Western Plains and resettle in the Territory.

Medicine Lodge Peace Council Indian Lodge at Medicine Creek, Kansas. Scece of the Indian Peace Council ► In October 1867 a peace council met at Medicine Lodge Creek in Kansas. ► Among the well known Indian representatives were Satanta, Wolf’s Sleeve, Ten Bears, and Black Kettle. ► The commission warned that the buffalo were disappearing and that for survival the chiefs should take their people to reservations to learn to farm. ► The Commissioners left Washington with instructions to accomplish three things  Prevent Indian attacks on white emigrants and settlers  Stop Indian wars by removing their cause  Convince Indians the become farmers and stockmen stopping their restless wandering about in search of a precarious living by hunting buffaloes and other game.

Broken Promises ► The Medicine Lodge treaties further reduced the tribal lands specified in the 1865 treaties. ► Despite their peaceful promises the government did not deliver the goods and services exchanged for depleted tribal lands ► Young Warriors believed that the United States had broken the treaty and Therefore the Indians were no longer bound by it. Many of them left the reservations and made their way north looting and raiding en route.

Treaty Violations ► White settlers coveting Indian lands pressed into areas stipulated in current treaties as tribal lands. ► The government wanted more tribal land reductions to satisfy the ever-moving frontier. ► Angry Indians, who could not depend on government agents to protect their territories, retaliated against poachers. This brought the military to control marauding Indians. ► The summer of 1867 saw constant warring between the Unites States Army in the west and the Kiowa's, Comanche's, Cheyenne's, Arapahoe's, and Apaches.

General Custer

Battle of the Washita ► In retaliation, Colonel George Armstrong Custer and the Seventh Cavalry attacked Black Kettle’s peaceful band camped on the Washita River. ► On November 27, 1868 in another early morning attack, Custer virtually annihilated the unsuspecting Indians. ► He killed 102 warriors many women and children, and slaughtered a herd of 800 horses. ► Black Kettle was shot and killed as he fled on horseback across the Washita River.

Conquering the Indians ► Battles and skirmishes between the army and the Indians continued. The army patrolled the reservations in Western Indian Territory. Young Indian Warriors slipped away to raid Texas and Kansas farms and ranches. ► In 1871, the government declared that no Indian tribes were sovereign and that they no longer would be treated as free and independent states.

Americanization and Reservations ► During the conquest of the western and Plains Tribes as well as the constant removal of the tribes of the Old Northwest some tribes suffered great wrongs. ► One policy seemed to remain constant throughout the dealings of the United States with the Indians, and that was that the Indians should be “Americanized” ► The reservation Indians were given their rations and taught to farm and raise livestock. If they resisted Americanization agents were instructed to withhold supplies. ► Indian children who spoke tribal languages were punished in school. ► Ministers and teachers berates the customary tribal dress and hairstyles. All signs of Indian culture were to be obliterated, if possible.

Chapter 10 Quiz 1.) What did the Reconstruction treaties do to the Five tribes in terms of their land? a.) It made all of their land open to settlement b.) It made the Indian land about half the size it was c.) It kept the Indian land the same size as it was 2.) How was the Indian territory governed? a.) It was governed by the Indian agencies b.) It was governed by the United States Government c.) It was governed by the Union states 3.) What part of the Indian territory became available for settlement after the Civil War? a.) The Southern Half b.) The Eastern Half c.) The Western Half 4.) What warning was given at the Medicine Lodge Peace Council? a.) That the Indians should move to reservations in the East and farm b.) That the Indians were being threatened and the only way they could ever have peace was to keep fighting the “White” settlers and gain their independence from them c.) That the Indians needed to relocate to the West and farm 5.) Name a result of the Medicine Lodge Treaties. a.) It created peace and stability while maintaining the boundaries of Indian Territory b.) It further reduced Indian Territory lands c.) It led to beginning of trust between the Indian nations and the U.S. Government 6.) Name the attack where the Seventh Cavalry entered an Indian camp and slaughtered 102 Indian warriors? a.) Battle of Black Kettle b.) Battle of Round Mountain c.) Battle of the Washita 7.) What declaration was made by the U.S. Government in 1871? a.) That Indian tribes no longer would be treated as free and independent b.) That Indian tribes were to continue governing their own reservation land and that no more interference by the U.S. Government was to be allowed c.) That the hunting of buffalo was not to be allowed anymore due to reducing the Indians most valuable resource. 8.) What happened to Indians who resisted agents who were enforcing the idea that the Indians should be Americanized? a.) They were relocated to the detention camps back in Tampa Bay b.) They were forced to relocated on reservations further west in the United States c.) Goods and services promised by the U.S. Government through various treaties would be withheld 9.) Name the biggest reason the U.S. Government wanted the Indians to farm? a.) Because it would reduce the Indians exposure to the “White” settlers b.) Because the buffalo was going extinct. c.) Because the U.S. Government needed another cheap source of food from the Indians. 10.) What General led the seventh cavalry that attacked and killed 102 Indian warriors? a.) General Stand Waite b.) General George Custer c.) General Stonewall Jackson

Chapter 10 Quiz 1.) What did the Reconstruction treaties do to the Five tribes in terms of their land? 2.) How was the Indian territory governed? a.) It was governed by the Indian agencies b.) It was governed by the United States Government c.) It was governed by the Union states 3.) What part of the Indian territory became available for settlement after the Civil War? 4.) What warning was given at the Medicine Lodge Peace Council? a.) That the Indians should move to reservations in the East and farm b.) That the Indians were being threatened and the only way they could ever have peace was to keep fighting the “White” settlers and gain their independence from them c.) That the Indians needed to relocate to the West and farm 5.) Name a result of the Medicine Lodge Treaties. a.) It created peace and stability while maintaining the boundaries of Indian Territory b.) It further reduced Indian Territory lands c.) It led to beginning of trust between the Indian nations and the U.S. Government 6.) Name the attack where the Seventh Cavalry entered an Indian camp and slaughtered 102 Indian warriors? a.) Battle of Black Kettle b.) Battle of Round Mountain c.) Battle of the Washita 7.) What declaration was made by the U.S. Government in 1871? a.) That Indian tribes no longer would be treated as free and independent b.) That Indian tribes were to continue governing their own reservation land and that no more interference by the U.S. Government was to be allowed c.) That the hunting of buffalo was not to be allowed anymore due to reducing the Indians most valuable resource. 8.) What happened to Indians who resisted agents who were enforcing the idea that the Indians should be Americanized? 9.) Name the biggest reason the U.S. Government wanted the Indians to farm? 10.) What General led the seventh cavalry that attacked and killed 102 Indian warriors?