1. Cultures Clash on the Prairie
Chapter 13 Section 1

2. Plains Indians 200,000 after Civil War Diverse group
Tasks divided by gender
Nature was significant
Weaknesses: unable to unite against whites; vulnerable to disease

3. Indian Tribes & US Govt Traditionally:
* tribes were independent nations
* president could negotiate with tribes
* treaties were ratified by Senate
*** Many broken treaties!

4. Federal Govt Indian Policy
Concentration Policy (1850s)
1. Each tribe assigned its own reservation
2. Easier for govt to control
3. Whites get best land

5. Indian Peace Commission (1867)
To create a permanent Indian policy
Move all Plains Indians to 2 reservations (1 in OK & 1 in Dakotas)
Govt agents bribed & tricked Indian reps into signing treaties
Destruction of buffalo herds

6. Indian Wars Constant fighting from 1850s to 1880s
Indian warriors (30-40) attacked wagon trails, stagecoaches, & ranches

7. Sand Creek Massacre Eastern CO Nov. 29, 1864
Forces led by Colonel J.M. Chivington massacred over 150 people
Indians believed they were under army protection

8. Gold is Found in the Black Hills (1874)
Conflict began over US army trying to build a road (Bozeman Trail) to connect Fort Laramie to new mining centers
The trail ran through Sioux hunting grounds & violated a earlier treaty
Sioux tried to end the trail & white settlement by appealing to govt – efforts failed

9. Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
1875: Sioux led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull left reservation
Battle took place in southern MT
Sioux surprised George A. Custer’s troops & killed all 264

10. Ghost Dance
Part of a spiritual revival movement
Scared US military

11. Wounded Knee
Dec 29, 1890
7th Calvary tried to round up 350 Sioux in S. Dakota
Fighting broke out
300 Indians died

12. Dawes Act (1887) Transferred land ownership to individuals; not tribes
160 acres to each family
To promote assimilation
Applied to western tribes
Between : Indians lost over 2/3 of their territory

13. Bureau of Indian Affairs
Carlisle Indian School
Sent children to boarding schools
Encouraged spread of Christianity
Often corrupt & incompetent