1. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Objectives Describe the importance of the buffalo to the Native Americans of the Plains. Explain how Native Americans and settlers came into conflict. Summarize how Native American groups struggled to maintain their traditional ways of life. Explain why Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.

2. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Terms and People travois – small sled tepee – cone-shaped tent made of buffalo skins reservation – land set aside for Native Americans to live on Sitting Bull – Sioux leader who fought against white settlement of the West - known for being fearless in battle

3. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive John Chivington – colonel who ordered the massacre of peaceful Native Americans Crazy Horse – Native American leader who led attacks on the white settlers George Armstrong Custer – colonel who attacked a large number of Sioux and Cheyenne. He and all his men were killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn Chief Joseph- Leader of the Nez Perce who led his people to the border of Canada. Geronimo – Apache leader who refused to go to a reservation. He attacked settlers in New Mexico and Arizona

4. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Susette LaFlesche – Daughter of a Omaha chief who wrote about the destruction of the Native American culture Helen Hunt Jackson – Wrote a Century of Dishonor which recorded the many treaties violated by the government. George Jordan – Buffalo soldier who won a medal of honor while fighting Native Americans

5. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive What were the consequences of the conflict between Native Americans and white settlers? As settlers rushed into the West, they increasingly came into conflict with the people already living there — Native Americans. Native Americans settlers

6. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive By the end of the Civil War, some 360,000 Native Americans lived in the West, many on the Great Plains. European explorers and the flood of settlers who followed had changed their lives. Native Americans now used horses and guns, and traveled faster and farther.

7. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Many Plains people wandered from place to place, following buffalo herds.

8. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Native people had come to depend on the buffalo for survival. buffalo meat for food horns and bones for tools tendons for thread hides for tepees hides for clothing

9. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Government treaties promised Native Americans protection. Fort Laramie Treaty, 1851 However, as miners and settlers scrambled west, the treaties were routinely broken. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgERjALdusM native people agreed to stop wandering and settle permanently the government would protect their land

10. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive When new treaties forced Native people from their lands in Colorado, some Indian warriors resisted, attacking settlers and their homes. The massacre ignited the Indian Wars. Sand Creek Massacre In response, the army attacked a band of peaceful Cheyennes, killing men, women, and children. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ylmM2KL5D7w https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ylmM2KL5D7w

11. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive At the same time, Native Americans faced another devastating crisis — the buffalo were dying out. By the 1870s, the giant herds began to shrink, slaughtered by railroad crews and hunters. Traditional native life was changing forever.

12. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive The government urged Native people to move to reservations, where they could farm the land. Reservation Native Americans Native Americans But the soil was poor, and hunger and disease made life on reservations difficult. http://www.teachertube.com/video/history-of- buffalo-soldiers-316137

13. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive In 1876, Colonel George Armstrong Custer rode into Montana with orders to force Native Americans onto a reservation. Custer and all of his men were killed in the battle that followed. Battle of Little Bighorn Soldiers soon flooded the area, forcing the Indians from their land. http://www.history.com/topics/native- american-history/battle-of-the-little- bighorn/videos

14. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Custer’s last stand: http://www.teachertube.com/video/b attle-of-little-big-horn-custer039s- last-stand-1876-240523

15. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive In the Northwest, the Nez Perc é s also resisted being moved to a reservation. Chief Joseph fled toward Canada with a large band of Nez Percés. Chief Joseph surrendered to the army near the Canadian border. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEMdN_4GAs4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEMdN_4GAs4

16. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Despite fierce resistance from Geronimo and others, government troops eventually forced both groups onto reservations. In the Southwest, Navajos and Apaches fought a series of wars to defend their lands.

17. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive In the 1880s, native groups from the Plains began performing the Ghost Dance, dreaming of returning to the old ways. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8L1Fslf3g2M In one Sioux village, police tried to stop the dance. Sitting Bull was killed. Troops killed others trying to flee. After the defeat at the Battle of Wounded Knee, the Indian Wars were over.

18. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive By 1890 Native Americans were forced off their lands in the west and relocated to reservations.

19. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Reformers outraged at the treatment of Native Americans pushed Congress to act. Dawes Act, 1887 Gave each Native American male 160 acres to farm Built schools Resisted by native groups longing for their traditional way of life A law designed to help native people, however, failed. Confined to reservations, many Native Americans fell into poverty.

20. Chapter 17 Section 2 Native Americans Struggle to Survive Answer: What was the importance of the buffalo to Native Americans of the Plains/ ? How did the Native Americans and settlers come into conflict? Summarize the struggles of Native American groups to maintain their traditional ways of life? Why did Congress pass the Dawes Act?