1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native American Struggles

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Compare the ways Native Americans and white settlers viewed and used the land. Describe the conflicts between white settlers and Indians. Evaluate the impact of the Indian Wars. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People reservation – specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 incident in which a Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians Sitting Bull – Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader Battle of the Little Big Horn – 1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated American troops led by Colonel George Custer

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) Chief Joseph – leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada Wounded Knee – 1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War assimilate – to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the pressures of westward expansion impact Native Americans? As American settlers continued to push westward, they increasingly came into conflict with Native Americans. Such conflict often led to violence, with tragic results.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in the lands west of the Mississippi. Had different belief systems Spoke different languages Lived in different types of houses Ate different types of foods Native Americans came from many diverse cultures.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The diverse Indian peoples, however, shared a common view toward nature—a view that conflicted with that of many white Americans. Native Americans saw themselves as part of nature and viewed nature as sacred. Many white Americans viewed the land as a resource to produce wealth.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the 1800s, the government carried out a policy of moving Indians out of the way of white settlers. At first, Indians in the East were moved west, into the Plains. As frontier settlers continued pushing west, however, this plan changed. Indians were forced into reservations. No longer free to roam the Plains, they faced suppression and poverty.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two other crises also threatened Native American civilizations. Disease Loss of the buffalo Settlers introduced diseases to which Indians had no immunity. Settlers slaughtered buffalo herds.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some Native Americans fought to defend their lands. At the Sand Creek Massacre, a Colorado militia killed an unarmed camp of Indians who were under U.S. Army protection. But attacks and retaliation led to distrust—and to tragedy. Promises were made and peace treaties were signed, but they often were broken.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Frustration turned to violence as the government moved to crush Indian resistance. The Red River War led to the defeat of the Southern Plains Indians. The Sioux were victorious at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés surrendered after attempting to retreat to Canada.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Fearful of insurrection, government officials tried to ban the practice. The ritual preached that white settlers would be banished and the buffalo would return. As their way of life slipped away, some Indians turned to a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. However, he was killed in a confrontation with U.S. troops. More than 100 Indians who fled were killed at Wounded Knee. The Indian Wars were over. In an effort to end the Ghost Dance, the government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native Americans were forced to assimilate. Though they had been pushed onto reservations where their native cultures were banned, some reformers believed Native Americans needed to be sent to boarding schools to be “like all other Americans.” Before and after entering Carlisle Indian School

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system Granted each Indian family their own plot of land Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act to encourage assimilation.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Tens of thousands of Native Americans died in battle or on squalid reservations. Only a small number were left to carry on their legacy. Native Americans’ struggle to retain their homeland, freedom, and culture proved tragic.