Warm Up Write a short description of the following words: Migration Immigration Illegal Immigration

What is the difference between seasonal and permanent migration?

What are the migration trends in the U.S.? Populations over 65 years Map of U.S. Colleges

Unemployment Population Movement after Hurricane Katrina

Political and Social Effects of the gilded age

Political Effects Political Machines and Political Corruption Political Machines – controlled city politics and represented political corruption of the Gilded Age. (Example: Tammany Hall in New York City)

Political Effects Leaders of the political machines known as political bosses gained support of the populous by making improvement to urban infrastructures, providing jobs to immigrants and the poor, and favors to local businessmen. The expectation was to then have support from these groups at the ballot box. Boss Tweed was the leader of Tammany Hall in New York City. He and other political “bosses” used political influence for personal gain   Patronage – Another form of political corruption in which the winning candidate rewarded ones supporters or friends with jobs or appointments even if they were not qualified for the position. William “Boss” Tweed

Discussion Question #6 With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question: 6. “You have the Liberty of Voting for any one you please; but we have the Liberty of Counting in any one we please.” What do think that quote mean? Who do think would say something like that in the Gilded Age? Example: “I think the quote means ______________ and ___________ would be most likely the person who said it.” Write your answers in complete sentences!

Political Effects Civil Service Reform President Garfield was assassinated in 1881, months after being elected by a disappointed supporter who thought he should have given him a political appointment.

Discussion Question #7 With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question: 7. Would it be a good idea to appoint your best friend or supporter to a political position if you were elected President of the United States? Why or why not? What benefits or problems would there be? Write your answers in complete sentences!

Political Effects The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act – or just the Pendleton Act was the federal law established in 1883 that required government jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit. The law provided selection of government employees based on competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire government employees for political reasons. This law helped decrease political corruption.

Political Effects The Relationship between Federal Government and Private Business Begin to Change Anti –Trust Act: is law that promotes or maintains market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. (prevent monopolies) Trust- A combination of a number of businesses or corporations into a single operation. Would generate a large amount of wealth very quickly and had the potential to become a monopoly. (Example: Standard Oil by Rockefeller)

Political Effects The Rise of Populism Farmers in the South and Midwest felt threatened by the rich industrialist and capitalist of the Northeast. They began to organize which eventually created the Populist political party which made up of farmers and some workers.

Political Effects The populist wanted and supported the following: Government ownership of railroad, telephone and telegraph systems Restrictions on immigration Graduated income tax 8 hour work day Direct election of senators Unlimited coinage of silver Term limits for the president Secret ballots

Social Effects Effects on Women and Children Women Children Many young women worked in factories that made textiles (clothing) They tended to be young and single and often wages were lower than men’s wages Children Many children worked in factories, performing dangerous jobs. They were sometimes paid lower wages than adult workers.

Discussion Question #9 With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question: 9. What are some of the long-term effect of child labor in the Gilded Age? What are the positive and the negative effects? Example: “A long term effect of a kid working in a factory would be _______________. Write your answers in complete sentences!

Social Effects Effects on Immigrants and Minorities Increased Immigration – increased opportunities in the U.S. means that jobs became available. Immigrants came for these opportunities and to chase the “American Dream.”

Social Effects The Immigrant Experience Immigrants faced language and cultural barriers, and sometimes were separated from family members. Immigrants faced the threat of poverty and often struggled to find jobs and living space due to crowded cities Immigrants often crowded into city tenements or moved westward in search of opportunities. Skilled immigrants used their trade skills to establish businesses of their own. Sweatshops were home factory-like operations where skilled and unskilled laborers worked unsavory conditions. Social Effects The Immigrant Experience Many immigrants entered the US via ports of entry such as Ellis Island in New York, Angel Island in San Francisco and Galveston Island in Texas. Most immigrants came from southern & eastern Europe. When they arrived, they experienced physical examinations, interrogation, language and intelligence testing, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iykbhpqLeAw

Social Effects Reaction and Response to Immigration Nativists were individuals opposed to the new waves of immigrants. Nativism was based on competition for jobs & living space. They felt that immigrants threatened their jobs. Tension rose between Nativists and minorities/immigrants. Some minority groups faced exclusion from employment or housing. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – the first major law restricting immigration to the US. It was enacted in response to economic fears, especially on the West Coast, where Nativists attributed unemployment and declining wages to Chinese workers, whom they viewed inferior Immigrants were encouraged to assimilate into American culture in which public schools played a large role.

Social Effects Urbanization During the Gilded Age, the U.S. was moving west but also moved from being a rural society to an urban one. Why? Economic opportunities in cities increased because of industrialization, thus cities became densely populated, mainly in the Northeast (aka urbanization)

Discussion Question #8 With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question: 8. What would happen to a city in which it experience large amount of population growth in a very short amount of time? Which resources are strained? What are the results of these strained resources? Example: “A city that experiences a large amount of population growth in a short amount of time would ___________________.” Write your answers in complete sentences!

Effects of Urbanization Social Effects Effects of Urbanization Cities became polluted and crowded. The living conditions were often unhealthy (sanitation, water, etc.). Ethnic neighborhoods were established in cities where immigrants settled Urbanization occurred as cities grew around immigration and industrial centers.

Social Effects Population density increased as workers crowded into cities in search of jobs. Waterways became contaminated and air quality diminished due to industry. Urban sprawl of the major U.S. cities Disruption to animal migration patterns and habitats.

Social Effects Beginnings of Social Darwinism Social Darwinism – ideology of survival of the fittest in business, tried to combine biology and sociology to explain why the wealthy were wealthy and the poor were poor.   Effects on Ideology The Social Gospel Early reform movement that preached to be a good Christian, one must help the poor. Helped to start the establishment of settlement houses (community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area)

Social Effects Philanthropy of industrialists Several wealthy industrialists elected to give back to the community through philanthropic activities (e.g., founding of Carnegie Hall). “The Gospel of Wealth” (1889) set forth Carnegie’s idea that rich men are “trustees” of their wealth and should administer and donate it for the good of the public.

Social Effects Andrew Carnegie – a powerful industrialist in the Gilded Age. His companies manufactured steel and built railroads. He authored “The Gospel of Wealth” which promoted philanthropic actions such as the building of libraries and schools.

Discussion Question #10 With your shoulder partner(s) discuss and answer the following question: 10. After seeing the philanthropy of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, were they Captains of Industry or Robber Barons? What kind of people in the Gilded Age would think them Robber Barons? Or Captains of Industry? Example: “Carnegie and Rockefeller were more ___________ than __________ because ____________.” Write your answers in complete sentences!

Primary vs. Secondary Sources Primary Sources – first-hand account of an event by someone who was there. Examples: Secondary Sources – a document or recording that relates to information originally presented elsewhere. Examples