1. Industrialization, Immigration, and Urbanization

2. Industrialization Technological innovations led to industrialization. Technological innovations led to industrialization. Bessemer Process produced steel quicker and cheaper. Bessemer Process produced steel quicker and cheaper.

3. Industrialization In 1859, Edwin L. Drake created a drill and pump system to obtain oil. In 1859, Edwin L. Drake created a drill and pump system to obtain oil. More technology: More technology: Electric trolley Electric trolley Typewriter Typewriter

4. Industrialization In 1870s, Thomas Edison perfected the light bulb. In 1870s, Thomas Edison perfected the light bulb. Factories could operate at night and increased production!!! Factories could operate at night and increased production!!! Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Increased communication!!! Increased communication!!!

5. Who is the farmer’s worst enemy???... RAILROADS Who is the worker’s worst enemy???... BIG BUSINESS AND TRUSTS

6. Industrialization Social Darwinism – idea that promotes business competition and “survival of the fittest.” Social Darwinism – idea that promotes business competition and “survival of the fittest.” Novels of Horatio Alger stressed possibility that anyone could move from poverty to wealth and fame. Novels of Horatio Alger stressed possibility that anyone could move from poverty to wealth and fame.

7. Industrialization Cornelius Vanderbilt – Railroads Cornelius Vanderbilt – Railroads Andrew Carnegie - Steel Andrew Carnegie - Steel

8. Industrialization “Gospel of Wealth” belief that wealthy should give back and try to improve society. “Gospel of Wealth” belief that wealthy should give back and try to improve society.

9. Industrialization J.P. Morgan – Banking and Steel; J.P. Morgan – Banking and Steel; America’s first billion-dollar corporation!!! John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company

10. Industrialization Vertical integration – buy out suppliers to control raw materials and transportation systems. Vertical integration – buy out suppliers to control raw materials and transportation systems. Ex: Control iron mines and railroads Ex: Control iron mines and railroads Horizontal integration – buy out companies producing the same product to eliminate competition. Horizontal integration – buy out companies producing the same product to eliminate competition. Ex: Control other steel companies Ex: Control other steel companies

11. Industrialization Monopoly – a company so powerful it can block competition. Monopoly – a company so powerful it can block competition. Trust – board of trustees controls different companies as one large corporation. Trust – board of trustees controls different companies as one large corporation. Laissez-faire – government should “let it do what it do” Laissez-faire – government should “let it do what it do”

12. Industrialization Captains of Industry... OR... Robber Barons... Robber Barons

13. Immigration and Urbanization

14. Immigration Why would immigrants choose to give up their lives and families to come to the United States???

15. Immigration Ellis Island – immigration station in the New York Harbor (mostly European). Ellis Island – immigration station in the New York Harbor (mostly European). Immigrants had to pass an inspection. Immigrants had to pass an inspection. Took several days Took several days Physical exam (diseases) Physical exam (diseases) Legal immigration papers Legal immigration papers

17. Immigration Angel Island immigration station in the San Francisco Bay. Angel Island immigration station in the San Francisco Bay. Mostly Chinese immigrants Mostly Chinese immigrants

18. Immigration Immigrants needed to... Immigrants needed to... Find a job and home Find a job and home Learn to speak English and become “American” Learn to speak English and become “American” Culture shock – overwhelmed by living in a different culture. Culture shock – overwhelmed by living in a different culture.

19. Immigration Chinatown Little Italy

20. Immigration Melting pot – different ethnic groups and cultures blend into one American identity. Melting pot – different ethnic groups and cultures blend into one American identity.OR Salad bowl – each culture maintains its own identity. Salad bowl – each culture maintains its own identity.

21. Immigration Nativism – favor native- born Americans, don’t like immigrants. Nativism – favor native- born Americans, don’t like immigrants. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 – banned entry of Chinese workers for 10 years. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 – banned entry of Chinese workers for 10 years.

22. Urbanization Immigrants lived and worked in very poor conditions. Immigrants lived and worked in very poor conditions. Many young children had to work in factories. Many young children had to work in factories. Dumbbell tenement – several families would live in very small, unclean rooms. Dumbbell tenement – several families would live in very small, unclean rooms.

23. Urbanization How the Other Half Lives written by Jacob Riis to expose the unsanitary conditions of the tenements.

24. Urbanization Settlement houses – community centers to help needy families. Settlement houses – community centers to help needy families. Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago to assist poor, immigrant families. Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago to assist poor, immigrant families.

25. Urbanization Urbanization Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park in NYC Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park in NYC

26. Urbanization People flocked to watch spectator sports like baseball and football. People flocked to watch spectator sports like baseball and football.

27. Labor Unions

28. Worked long days in poor conditions for very low wages!!! Worked long days in poor conditions for very low wages!!!

29. Labor Unions Workers formed labor unions to improve economic and social conditions of workers. Workers formed labor unions to improve economic and social conditions of workers. Collective bargaining – workers negotiated as a group with employers. Collective bargaining – workers negotiated as a group with employers. Strike – refuse to work until an employer accepts workers’ demands. Strike – refuse to work until an employer accepts workers’ demands. BIG BUSINESS HATES LABOR UNIONS!!! BIG BUSINESS HATES LABOR UNIONS!!!

30. Labor Unions Knights of Labor was a labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers.

31. Labor Unions In, 1886, Haymarket Square Riot took place in Chicago. In, 1886, Haymarket Square Riot took place in Chicago. Workers protesting and eight policemen were killed by a bomb. Workers protesting and eight policemen were killed by a bomb. Protesters were charged and some executed. Protesters were charged and some executed. End of the Knights of Labor!!! End of the Knights of Labor!!!

32. Americans turned against labor unions!!!

33. Labor Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a labor union for skilled workers ONLY. American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a labor union for skilled workers ONLY. Also, Eugene V. Debs Also, Eugene V. Debs wanted to unite skilled and unskilled workers; led the Pullman Strike.

34. Who is the worker’s worst enemy? BIG BUSINESS Who is the enemy of big business? LABOR UNIONS

35. Political Machines

36. Political machine – group that controlled politics within a city; worked to get votes for candidates. Political machine – group that controlled politics within a city; worked to get votes for candidates. Tammany Hall was the most famous political machine in NYC, led by Boss Tweed. Tammany Hall was the most famous political machine in NYC, led by Boss Tweed. Thomas Nast created political cartoons to show Tammany Hall’s corruption

40. Political Machines Political machines provided immigrants with housing and jobs, immigrants provided VOTES!!! Political machines provided immigrants with housing and jobs, immigrants provided VOTES!!!

41. Political Machines Graft – politicians illegally use their influence for personal gain. Graft – politicians illegally use their influence for personal gain. Credit Mobilier scandal – railroad company signed a contract to build a railroad at three times the actual cost ($$$) and kept the profits. Credit Mobilier scandal – railroad company signed a contract to build a railroad at three times the actual cost ($$$) and kept the profits.

42. Political Machines Patronage – giving government jobs to friends and supporters. Patronage – giving government jobs to friends and supporters. Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 – must pass a civil service exam to work in a federal government job. Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 – must pass a civil service exam to work in a federal government job.