Chapter 1 What is Behavior Modification?. Behavior simple action can be overt (observable) can be covert (not directly observable) covert behavior must.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 1 What is Behavior Modification?

Behavior simple action can be overt (observable) can be covert (not directly observable) covert behavior must be inferred from overt responses

What is Not Behavior? interpretive descriptions of a personality trait diagnostic labels outcome of behavior

Origins of Behavior learning: some behavior develops as result of experience hereditary factors: some behavioral responses are based on inherited characteristics

Learning learning is a permanent change in behavior that results from experience learning processes include: –respondent conditioning –operant conditioning –modeling –cognitive processes

Respondent Conditioning

Operant Conditioning antecedent, behavior, and consequence define behavioral situations –antecedents set the occasion for the behavior –behavior is what organisms do –consequence influence the future occurrence of the behavior

Operant Conditioning (continued) the three-term contingency is the relationship among antecedent, behavior, and consequence operant and respondent conditioning often have concurrent influence on a single behavior

Concurrent Influence of Operant and Respondent Conditioning

Modeling modeling is learning through observation of others also called social, observational, vicarious, and imitative learning Bandura showed modeling influenced aggression modeling influenced by observation of consequences

Modeling (continued) modeling can: –initiate behavior –teach new task –influence response rate –teach emotional responses

Cognitive Processes cognition is thought thought can be considered a covert antecedent self-efficacy appears to be positively correlated with the likelihood of success

Behavior Modification focuses on behavior emphasizes influences of learning and the environment takes a scientific approach uses pragmatic and active methods to change behavior

Focus on Behavior avoid interpretive labels and diagnostic systems focus on behavioral deficits or behavioral excess

Learning and the Environment behavior changes as a result of learning changing antecedents and consequences can lead to behavior change learning approach may be limited by physiological and cultural influences

Scientific Orientation use empirically validated therapy techniques therapy outcomes evaluated objectively

Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior therapy techniques selected based on effectiveness some methods based on operant conditioning, respondent conditioning, and modeling research and theory cognitive methods are based on our understanding of how our thoughts lead to actions

Pragmatic and Active Methods to Change Behavior (continued) participants take a more active role in therapy

Early Theory and Research John Locke (tabula rasa) Pavlov (respondent conditioning) Thorndike John Watson (father of behaviorism) Watson and Rayner (Little Albert) Mary Cover Jones (Peter)

Emergence and Growth of Behavior Modification 1950s: behavior modification gains acceptance 1960s: the establishment of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1970s: behavior modification expands to include cognition

Effective Applications of Behavior Modification parenting and parent/child relationships –oppositional behavior –bed-wetting education –programmed instruction –PSI –peer tutoring –classroom conduct

Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued) health and sports –health risks –compliance with treatments –enhanced athletic performance employment settings –increase productivity –reduce losses –improve safety

Effective Applications of Behavior Modification (continued) self-management –learn behavioral techniques to control own behavior