1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History Chapter 29

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline Two major orientations or traditions: –Respondent conditioning –Operant conditioning Mixtures of orientations

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Respondent Conditioning Orientation 1927 – Pavlov publishes a book, Conditioned Reflexes –“Conditional reflexes” – reflexes that are conditional on pairing process –Systematic study of Pavlovian conditioning (respondent conditioning) John B. Watson –1913 – published a paper claiming that most human activities could be explained as learned habits –1916 – adopted the conditioned reflex as the unit of habit Argued that most complex activities were due to respondent conditioning –1920 – “Little Albert” experiment (not called that by Watson) Demonstrated that human emotional reactions could be conditioned in an experimental setting Clark Hull (1943, 1952) –Developed a learning theory that capitalized on operant conditioning and respondent conditioning –Did not distinguish between respondent and operant conditioning –Stated that reinforcement is involved in both types of conditioning

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Respondent Conditioning Orientation Joseph Wolpe –Reciprocal inhibition – if one group of muscles is stimulated, an antagonistic muscle group will be inhibited –Extended principle to anxiety – using relaxation with anxiety – systematic desensitization –In 1958, published a book on reciprocal inhibition – a major force behind launching the modern era of respondent conditioning in behavior therapy –In the 1960’s, moved to the U.S. and started a program at Temple University Hans Eysenck –Criticized Freudian procedures –1960 – published a book of readings, Behavior Therapy and the Neuroses Cases where respondent conditioning was used in therapy –1963 – founded the journal Behavior Research and Therapy

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Operant-Conditioning Orientation 1938 – B. F. Skinner published The Behavior of Organisms –Outlined basic principles of operant conditioning 1950 – Keller and Schoenfeld wrote an introduction to psychology text, Principles of Psychology –Discussed principles of operant conditioning 1953 – B. F. Skinner published Science and Human Behavior –How basic behavior principles influence everyday behavior 1965 – Ullmann and Krasner published a collection of readings, Case Studies in Behavior Modification –First book with “behavior modification” in title

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Operant-Conditioning Orientation Late 1960s –Operant conditioning orientation spread throughout the Western Hemisphere –University training centers were developed –Colleges began offering courses 1970s –Applied behavior analysis used by many

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations Social Learning Theory –Emphasis on regulation of behavior by external stimulus events, environmental consequences, and the cognitive mediational process –Julian Rotter (1954), Social Learning and Clinical Psychology –Albert Bandura Emphasizes observational learning in addition to respondent and operant conditioning Emphasizes cognitive mediational processes as an important influence on behavior –Self-efficacy – belief that one can perform adequately in a particular situation 1969 – wrote Principles of Behavior Modification

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations Multimodal Behavior Therapy –Lazarus (1971, 1976) Practicing clinicians should not restrict themselves to a particular theoretical framework, but should use a variety of behavioral techniques

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Applied Behavior Analysis Often used interchangeably Behavior therapy – first used by Lindsey, Skinner, and Solomon (1953) –Term not used much by those within operant conditioning until Eysenck (1959) used it to describe procedures published by Wolpe Behavior therapy – first appears in Watson (1962) Applied Behavior Analysis – made popular in 1968 with the founding of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Future of Behavior Modification Helping professions are increasingly adopting behavior modification procedures Also being used in business, industry, sports, physical education, recreation, and promotion of healthy lifestyles

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major Orientations Cognitive Behavior Modification –Ellis and Beck –Focus on explaining maladaptive behaviors in terms of dysfunctional thinking –Cognitive restructuring as a primary treatment component