1. Unit 5: Learning (Behaviorism)
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 5: Learning (Behaviorism)
Essential Task 5-5: Describe the essential characteristics of insight learning, latent learning, and observational learning (vicarious learning, live model, and virtual model)
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
We are here
Classical
Conditioning
The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
The type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
The type of learning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model
Pavlov and Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Reinforcement and Punishment
Modeling and Vicarious Learning

3. Essential Task 5-: Cognitive Learning
Outline
Cognitive Learning
insight learning
latent learning
Social Cognitive Learning Theory(observational learning)
vicarious learning/modeling
live model
virtual model

4. Cognitive Learning
Learning that depends on mental activity that is not directly observable
Involves such processes as attention, expectation, thinking, and memory

5. Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps
Latent learning is learning that takes place before the subject realizes it and is not immediately reflected in behavior
A cognitive map is latent learning stored as a mental image

6. Insight and Learning Sets
Insight is when learning seems to occur in a sudden “flash” as elements of a situation come together
Learning sets refer to increasing effectiveness at problem solving through experience, i.e., organisms “learn how to learn”

7. Social Cognitive Theory/Observational Learning
Individuals learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments. Learning a behavior and performing it are not the same thing
Tenet 1: Response consequences (such as rewards or punishments) influence the likelihood that a person will perform a particular behavior again
Tenet 2: Humans can learn by observing others, in addition to learning by participating in an act personally. Learning by observing others is called vicarious learning. The concept of vicarious learning is not one that would be subscribed to by classical behaviorists.
Tenet 3: Individuals are most likely to model behavior observed by others they identify with. Identification with others is a function of the degree to which a person is perceived to be similar to one's self, in addition to the degree of emotional attachment that is felt toward an individual.

8. Bobo Doll Experiment

9. Bobo Doll Experimental Design

10. Results
Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. (Boys averaged 38.2 with 12.7 for girls)
Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to engage in novel hostile acts.
Children are more influenced by same-sex models.
Results showed that boys exhibited more aggression when exposed to aggressive male models than boys exposed to aggressive female models. When exposed to aggressive male models, the number of aggressive instances exhibited by boys averaged 104 compared to 48.4 aggressive instances exhibited by boys who were exposed to aggressive female models.
Outline

11. Learning by Observing
The likelihood of acting on vicarious learning changes when we see the consequences of other people’s behavior
Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment affects the willingness of people to perform behaviors they learned by watching others

12. Live and Virtual Models
Live Model

13. Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.