EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – Virginia Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America 1607: Jamestown was first successful colony to be settled in North America John Smith led this group of settlers Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop- John Rolfe “Father of Tobacco”

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – Virginia The first colonial legislature (government), the House of Burgesses, was established in 1619. Only rich land owing white males could be a member of this body. First Africans brought in 1619 as indentured servants The headright system gave 50 acres of land to those who paid for themselves or others to come to America Powhatans help colonies survive but later attack when colonists continue to come.

Native Americans and Colonist War breaks out on the frontier Governor at Jamestown refuses to send troops or help the frontier Bacon’s Rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon starts and army and attacks Jamestown Bacon’s Rebellion revealed the class struggle within the colony between wealthy landowners and poor settlers on the frontier

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” The 16th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans, Pilgrims, in the New World This colony set up a local government in which the right to vote was given to every adult male who belong to the Puritan church.

Puritan Solutions: Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant was developed to stop the decline in church membership. It granted partial membership to the children and grandchildren of original puritans. These “half-way members” were allowed to vote in the church and this paved the way for voting in society as well.

COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans. Metacom whom the English called King Philip attacked the settlers. Ended a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating.

Roger Williams and Rhode Island Puritans also faced resistance within to their intolerance of other religious ideas. “Forced religion sinks in the nostrils of God”, believed in separation of church and state, and religious freedom Roger Williams was arrested for “heresy”. Roger Williams escaped and consequently founded the Providence Colony (Rhode Island). Roger Williams expressed two controversial ideas: First, he declared that the English settlers had no rightful claim to the land unless they purchased it from the Native Americans. Second, Williams declared that government officials had no business punishing settlers for their religious beliefs.

Ann Hutchinson Ann Hutchinson taught Bible reading in her home. She taught that the true believer could interpret the Bible with out a minister. She and her family were banished.

Salem Witch Trials A group of teenage girls caused great hysteria and the deaths of over 20 people who were accused of being witches. During the fall of 1692 the trials lasted until the governor of Massachusetts put an end to the trials.

SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600s William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4 New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people Southern Plantation

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies making the Royal Colonies as opposed to joint-stock. Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways the English government controlled the colonies. King George III

NAVIGATION ACTS 1651- England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English The colonies were developing a spirit of self-determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE FOR THE COLONIZER that the English government controlled the colonies MERCANTILISM

Economics of Colonization: Mercantilism Colonizing Countries (ex. Britain) want to export more than they import =more wealth Mercantilism creates an unfair balance of trade, which benefits the colonizing country but DOES NOT benefit the colony (ex. 13 American Colony)  Raw Goods provided Colony (ex. 13 American Colonies) Colonizing Country (ex. Britain) Goods manufactured

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE During the 17th century, Africans (future slaves) endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies called the Middle Passage Cruelty characterized the months long journey – up to 20% died on route

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR/ Seven Years War French and Indian War: Competition in North America led to a war (1754-1763) between old rivals France and England The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George Washington eventually defeated the French Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763 Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 Proclamation Line of 1763: To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mtns. The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachians that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING The Enlightenment 1700s: An INTELLECTUAL movement began in Europe and the Colonies The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING The Great Awakening (mid 1700s): A series of religious revivals aimed to restore devotion & piety, swept through the colonies Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was key person in the movement Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the INDIVIDUAL